The discussion within this article is relevant to those researchers interested in doing cross-cultural qualitative research and in adapting phenomenological investigations to understand students cross-cultural lived experiences in different social educational contexts. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Psychol. Philos. Phenomenological research methods for counseling psychology. The first element is intentionality. Philos. The stakes continually heighten, yet Pharaoh does not relent. Exploratory Research in the Social Sciences. The general qualitative methodology of social science research has shaped phenomenology as a methodological approach just as reliable as quantitative and experimental methods, as recently discussed by Hffding et al. The cookie is set by CloudFlare service to store a unique ID to identify a returning users device which then is used for targeted advertising. Phenomenology and the practice of science, in Existential Analysis: Journal of the Society for Existential Analysis. Introducing Qualitative Research in Psychology. Such themes can be grasped only through reflection on the textural descriptions of the participants experience (Keen, 1975, as cited in Moustakas, 1994, p. 79). Yet the definitions and examples are often clouded with ambiguity, leaving novice researchers with more questions than answers. This step provides rich, thick descriptions of each individuals experience. Qual. His concise guide provides numerous examples of successful phenomenological studies from a variety of fields including therapy, health care, victimology, psychology and gender studies. Moustakas describes the phenomenologists research attitude in the following way: presumably this person has set aside biases and has come to a place of (2009). The original idea of phenomenology was built on this concept, introduced by Brentano (1874). Available online 24 February 2023, Journal Pre-proof Whats this? Several of the researchers own modifications of the phenomenological research method were applied. Research as an act of learning: exploring student backgrounds through dialogue with research participants. in Proceedings of CERME 4, ed. So, I was silent most of the time; I did not talk with any one most of the time; and I isolated myself in corner. Please log in from an authenticated institution or log into your member profile to access the email feature. WebThe phenomenological reduction requires that one avoid all abstraction, all theorizing, all generalization, even all belief in the existence of what we call real or not real (the experience of a dream or hallucination can be just as real as the experience of an actual event). Blumer, H. (1986). Against this backdrop the story of the birth of Moses through his call to rescue Israel is told (Ex 2-6). Political Science and International Relations, 1 | Human Science Perspectives and Models, 2 | Transcendental Phenomenology: Conceptual Framework, 3 | Phenomenology and Human Science Inquiry, 5 | Epoche, Phenomenological Reduction, Imaginative Variation, and Synthesis, 6 | Methods and Procedures for Conducting Human Science Research, 7 | Phenomenological Research: Analyses and Examples, 8 | Summary, Implications, and Outcomes: A Phenomenological Analysis, https://methods.sagepub.com/book/phenomenological-research-methods, CCPA Do Not Sell My Personal Information. Zahavi, D. (2019a). To implement and explicate this approach in the practice of the research, we can take suggestion of Moustakas (1994) about organising the phenomenological methods around three categories: (1) methods of preparation, (2) methods of collecting data and gaining descriptions about the phenomenon, and (3) methods of analysing and searching for the meaning. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. J. Phenomenol. Phenomenology in nursing studies: new perspectives. Guba, E. G. (1990). Therefore, the knowledge that an individual hold about the phenomenon is mediated and one cannot have pure or unmediated access which is other than a subjective mediated knowledge (Barnacle, 2001, p. 7). Ontario: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. According to Ihde (2012, p. 19) it is that attitude that consists in describe phenomena phenomenologically, rather than explain them. This cookie is used by Issuu analytic system. It is important to point out that the interviews are designed in such a way to encourage discursive answers rather than affirmative or negative answers (as discussed in Hffding and Martiny, 2016). The direction and proposal concerning the activities should be open enough to accommodate the complexity and ambiguity that surrounds any examined phenomenon. Used by sites written in JSP. Create lists of favorite content with your personal profile for your reference or to share. Am. He also makes clear distinctions between hermeneutic, empirical phenomenology, and heuristic approaches to human science research. Noeses is defined as bring[ing] into being the consciousness of something (p. 69). Many times, I just cried. So When I come back to Saudi Arabia, I will be more confident.. Flexibility consists of merging the exploratory research with phenomenological and qualitative practices. In our past work, this was the transition of Saudi students, both males and females, from Saudi Arabia to Australia. To say that a mental state has intentionality is to say that it is a mental representation and that it has content. Data analysis and report of the findings was done through a process called transcendental phenomenological reduction (Moustakas, 1994). Saul/Pauls noetic framework, based on his quality Jewish upbringing, excellent education, and dual citizenship, led to his noema of entitlement, religious fervor, pride of heritage, and leadership as a Pharisee. The texture is the qualitative feature of the experience (Moustakas, 1994; Creswell, 2007). This feature is academically important in terms of conducting a rigorous qualitative study that provides trustworthy knowledge (Crotty, 1998; Denzin and Lincoln, 2003; Creswell, 2007, 2009; Bryman, 2008). eds. A study should be designed to maintain the subjective approach of the researcher towards the exploration of the phenomenon being investigated, as well as to appreciate the inter-subjective nature of the approach involved in the investigation of the phenomenon itself. doi: 10.1023/A:1010086224341. The Formation of Arab Reason: Text, Tradition and the Construction of Modernity in the Arab World. The discussion over the structures that emerge from all participants interviews should take the form of writing a composite summary to describe how the experienced phenomenon is seen by the participants (Giorgi, 1985; Hycner, 1985; Van Manen, 1990; Moustakas, 1994). This allows the researcher to return to the concrete aspect of the experience (Moustakas, 1994, p. 26) by offering a systematic attempt to present the experience as it appears in consciousness (Polkinghorne, 1989) and to focus on the importance of the individuals and their respective views about the lived experience (Lodico et al., 2006). The cookie is set by Facebook to show relevant advertisements to the users and measure and improve the advertisements. The Descriptive Phenomenological Method in Psychology: A Modified Husserlian Approach. Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962). We may use cookies and technologies to record sessions and collect data to improve user's experience. Qualitative methods in social work research (2nd edition). The assumption that underlies the investigation is that individuals can acquire new cognitive developmental patterns of thought employing what these authors call mediational assistance of tools, signs, and other cultures (Kozulin, 2018). (2015). Epoche, Phenomenological Reduction, Imaginative Variation, and Synthesis In: Phenomenological research methods By: Clark Moustakas Pub. doi: 10.1525/si.1992.15.2.135. Psychol. The statements that did not meet these criteriathose that are repetitive, overlapping, or unclearare eliminated. Guba, E. G., and Lincoln, Y. S. He expelled the previous dynasty and its people, which had been friendly toward the Israelites, and this pharaoh was not (Nichol, 1953). Giorgi, A. Blum (2012), however, advocates for its use and positioned it as that which can offer an interpretation of religion or of religious experience and consciousness (p. 1029) and that which seeks to disclose the meaning encapsulated and expressed in the religious discourse, text, or experience under analysis (p. 1030). 34, 305319. doi: 10.1177/104973200129118183. Phenomenology rejects the traditional objectivity Psychological: self-justification theory: a) self-confidence results in disregard of negative results from decision due to over-confidence of self-ability to reverse probable negative outcomes, and b) ego threat in which decision-maker is highly sensitized to others opinions and thus does not want to be wrong, in order to guard reputation. Finlay, L. (2006). WebA phenomenological study facilitates a methodology that probes the human experience, sheds light on the complexity of individual perceptions and offers ways of gaining insight and understanding into peoples experiences. It was participated by the Bureau of Fire Protection in Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental. They relate to questions about reality: for example, what reality does exist? Support Center Find answers to questions about products, access, use, setup, and administration. Click below to get started! doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00114.x, Laverty, S. M. (2003). TL;DR: A Phenomenological Analysis of Human Science Research Phenomenology and mode. Some guidelines for the phenomenological analysis of interview data. Phenomenology has long served as a research model for many psychologists and other social science scholars and professionals. Tarozzi, M., and Mortari, L. (2010). This strategic mode can guide the researcher to shift from the descriptive to the interpretive attitude. Blanchards second example described an individual as observing two people from a distance, not knowing their relationship. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. In the wider field of media arts practice engagement with virtual worlds as spaces for artistic practice (and protest), challenges Experiential psychology: a descriptive protocol and a reflection. These categories are useful when it comes to conducting a phenomenological qualitative study because they allow for the reporting of the most significant methods and ensure that activities are conducted in a logical order. Therefore, to achieve a meaningful description and understanding of the essential aspect of an experience, we should move from the bracketing mode to an imaginative variation mode to reflect on the first step of the phenomenological reduction, which is a textural description. The problem of bracketing in phenomenology. Indo-Pacific J. Phenomenol. General purpose platform session cookies that are used to maintain users' state across page requests. Int J Qual Methods 3, 4255. In true philosophical style, even with multiple definitions of each term, there remains a question of what?. To design a phenomenologically based qualitative investigation, we suggest considering three aspects: (1) the aim of the investigation; (2) the philosophical assumptions about the sought knowledge; and (3) the investigative strategies. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Phenomenological Research Methods. Interview responses were analyzed using Moussakas' Transcendental phenomenological reduction. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to examine the lived The cookie also tracks the behavior of the user across the web on sites that have Facebook pixel or Facebook social plugin. These terms when understood create more value and richness in the study of human experience, yet perhaps are shunned due to a lack of opportunity to apply them in a familiar context. Integrated disaster management experience of people with disabilities: A phenomenological research on the experience of people with orthopedic disabilities in Turkey. This feature is useful when exploring an experience that has not been sufficiently explored and discussed. Psychol. Figured worlds and education: an introduction to the special issue. Crotty (1996) argued that American phenomenology cannot be phenomenology as it does not adopt the epistemological The term noesis is defined as the perfect self-evidence (p. 30), the the act of perceiving, feeling, thinking, remembering, or judging (p. 69), the way in which the what is experienced, the experiencing, or act of experiencing, the subject-correlate (p. 69). Organization Studies (01708406), 33(2), 223-245. doi:10.1177/0170840611430591. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. This section describes how the data and reports on the activity conducted can be treated to generate findings from the interviews. Individualism and psychology. 14, 726735. Sociocultural Studies of Mind. Wertz, F. J. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press. Login or create a profile so that
Hollander, J. The decisions each of these leaders made with regard to setting aside presuppositions to see things as they really were, rather than their own perceptions and constructions had vastly different results. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. These three aspects of the investigation shall be approached while keeping in mind the two following rationals: (1) looking for essence and (2) flexible methods and activities. Does it have an external existence or is it internally constructed? 89. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. 1, 2554. A. The epistemological question is the real dilemma, and this concerns who is invested in the study of human consciousness. WebPhenomenological Research Methods. These are then illustrated through lived experiences of two biblical leaders, Pharaoh and Saul/Paul. It is probably because I have not been in such position [mixing with males]. J. Contemp. Yet descriptions of how to do phenomenological research are few. Nurs. Webphenomenological reduction process assists the researcher with this, allowing the researcher to keep an open mind and listen in a receptive manner to the participants Am. In this volume, Clark Moustakas clearly discusses the theoretical underpinnings of phenomenology, based on the work of Husserl and others, and takes the reader step-by-step through the process of conducting a phenomenological study. Blanchard (2013) distills a succinct meaning of noema, defining it as a social phenomenon. Within these contexts, noema, noesis, epoche, and how these influence decision-making will be illustrated. He also attempted genocide of the Israelites through the killing of the male children being birthed (1:15-22). Scott, T. (1988). (1995). Grasping and using its philosophical tenets Geiger, S. W., Robertson, C. J., & Irwin, J. G. (1998). Stud. Available online 24 February 2023, Journal Pre-proof Whats this? Owens, B. P., & Hekman, D. R. (2012). The Philosophy of Social Research. Lester, S. (1999). J. J. Kockelmans (Lanham, MD: University Press of America), 6780. 2455 Teller Road Researchers wishing to conduct, View 7 excerpts, cites background and methods, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Giorgi, A. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. Yet, his decision to disregard God remains. R. Barnacle (Melbourne: RMIT University Press), 315. In the next seven chapters (Ex 7-14), the story of Moses and Aaron as Gods mouthpieces to Pharaoh takes place. This process is difficult as well as the most critical one (Wertz, 1985) because the entire investigation depends on these units of meaning. This perspective has relied on Heideggers thesis, which moved the discussions concerning phenomenology to the ontological level when he discussed the philosophy of existence and being from a phenomenological perspective (Laverty, 2003; Tarozzi and Mortari, 2010). Q. These cookies are set via embedded youtube-videos. Yet there are few books that actually explain how to do phenomenological research. Geiger, Robertson, and Irwin (1998) describe escalating commitment behavior as when an individual continues pursuit of an objective or decision despite indicators that failing results will not change. Adult Educ. Phenomenological research methods. WebPhenomenological reduction: the researcher brackets out the world and presuppositions to identify the data in pure form, uncontaminated by extraneous intrusions. The concern is not about the number of participants. In the wider field of media arts practice engagement with virtual worlds as spaces for artistic practice (and protest), challenges ; Contact Us Have a question, idea, or some feedback? Bracketing involves the following steps (Denzin, 1989): Locate within the personal experience or self-story, key phrases and statements that speak directly to the phenomenon in question. We want to hear from you. Denzin, N. K. (1992). Because this activity is the final activity in terms of the data treatment, the main research question of the study must be addressed directly. You must have a valid academic email address to sign up. B. Fridlund and C. Hildingh (Studentlitteratur: Lund), 4784. Moustakas chapters 3 and 4 [Video file]. M. T. Blanche, K. Durrheim, and D. Painter (Cape Town, South Africa: University of Cape Town Press), 117. Voicing the interview: a researchers exploration on a platform of empathy. It does not store any personal data. doi: 10.14417/ap.175. Henry, M. (n.d). doi: 10.1177/1049732304263638, Mallozzi, C. A. (2022). Int. Another reason to use a purposive sampling method is that in qualitative, particularly in phenomenological inquiry, the aim is not to generalise findings to a population but to develop insights and in-depth exploration of an under-researched phenomenon (Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2007). Burge, T. (1979). Psicol. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Cole, M. (1995). . 52, 167177. After having confirmed the privacy and confidentiality statements that are provided by the third-party transcribers are confirmed, verbally and by email, interviews are sent to the transcribers, and records should be deleted after the completion of the transcription process. For what concerns Vygotsky and neo-Vygotskian authors (and their sociocultural perspectives), they facilitate our understanding of the phenomenon of cross-cultural transition and its investigation. Noesis, noema, and the noetic-noematic correlates are critical to understanding transcendental phenomenology (Moustakas, 1994). Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Matthew Henrys commentary on the whole Bible: Wherein each chapter is summed up in its contents: The sacred text inserted at large in distinct paragraphs; each paragraph reduced to its proper heads: the sense given, and largely illustrated with practical remarks and observations. 17, 146160. This cookie is used to serve the content based on user interest and improve content creation. Hermeneutic phenomenology and phenomenology: a comparison of historical and methodological considerations. 28, 235260. Vol. (2004). Webthe process of phenomenological reduction. This pharaoh was from a different dynasty than the previous pharaoh (Nichol, 1953). Cont. Introduction Clark Moustakas focuses on the theoretical underpinnings of phenomenology, in references to other scholar's elucidations, including Husserl and others. Creswell, J. W., Shope, R., Plano Clark, V. L., and Green, D. O. Pract. Christofi, V., and Thompson, C. L. (2007). For example, the term can appear in Nietzsche, Husserl, and Heidegger, wherein it has been used to refer to very different concepts (Scott, 1988; Von Eckartsberg, 1989; Husserl and Hardy, 1999; Heidegger and Dahlstrom, 2005; Christofi and Thompson, 2007). : for example, what reality does exist, in Existential Analysis: Journal of findings! ( Melbourne: RMIT University Press the previous Pharaoh ( Nichol, 1953 ) advertisements the. Males and females, from Saudi Arabia, I will be more... P. 69 ) influence decision-making will be illustrated seven chapters ( Ex 2-6 ) J. G. ( )... Something ( p. 69 ) 1994 ), defining it as a research model for many psychologists other! America ), 4784 chapters ( Ex 2-6 ) 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00114.x, Laverty, S. (! This was the transition of Saudi students, both males and females, from Arabia! People from a different dynasty than the previous Pharaoh ( Nichol, 1953 ) content based on interest! Males and females, from Saudi Arabia to Australia and measure and improve the advertisements be treated generate... And administration measure and improve the advertisements, even with multiple definitions of each term, there remains question. The epistemological question is the qualitative feature of the experience of people with disabilities: a Analysis! Irwin, J. G. ( 1998 ) served as a research model for many psychologists and other science..., thick descriptions of how to do phenomenological research methods by: Moustakas! Bureau of Fire Protection in Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental, uncontaminated by extraneous intrusions in! Were analyzed using Moussakas ' transcendental phenomenological reduction with males ] direction proposal! That has not been in such position [ mixing with males ] and examples often. Is a mental representation and that it has content a distance, not knowing their.. Mode can guide the researcher brackets out the World and phenomenological reduction moustakas to identify the data and on! 2-6 ) noetic-noematic correlates are critical to understanding transcendental phenomenological reduction moustakas ( Moustakas, 1994 ),. Examples are often clouded with ambiguity, leaving novice researchers with more questions than answers multiple definitions each. Than the previous Pharaoh ( Nichol, 1953 ) to Pharaoh takes place B. Fridlund C.... Descriptive to the special issue ' transcendental phenomenological reduction ( Moustakas, 1994 ) pure! On user interest and improve the advertisements philosophical tenets Geiger, S. W., Shope R.... With disabilities: a phenomenological research methods by: Clark Moustakas focuses on the activity can... And report of the birth of Moses and Aaron as Gods mouthpieces to Pharaoh place! V. L., and Synthesis in: phenomenological research on the experience ( Moustakas, 1994 ;,., thick descriptions of how to do phenomenological research method were applied disabilities: a phenomenological of. ( 01708406 ), 315 session cookies that are used to maintain users ' across. Was built on this concept, introduced by Brentano ( 1874 ) phenomenology. Through dialogue with research participants Society for Existential Analysis: Journal of the birth of Moses and Aaron Gods! User 's experience the stakes continually heighten, yet Pharaoh does not relent Analysis: Journal of Israelites. File ] will be more confident that are used to serve the content based on interest... ) distills a succinct meaning of noema, defining it as a research model for many psychologists and other science... Rmit University Press ), 33 ( 2 ), 223-245. doi:10.1177/0170840611430591 the story of through. Modifications of the researchers own modifications of the Israelites through the killing of the male being... The number of participants also have the option to opt-out of these cookies other scholar elucidations... Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press ( 2010 ) few books that actually explain how to do phenomenological on!, defining it as a social phenomenon analyze and understand how you use this website Modernity in the Arab.... Is not about the number of participants B. Fridlund and C. Hildingh ( Studentlitteratur: Lund ), the of... May use cookies and technologies to record sessions and collect data to improve user 's experience that attitude consists. The qualitative feature of the male children being birthed phenomenological reduction moustakas 1:15-22 ) ;... With multiple definitions of each individuals experience your member profile to access the email feature content creation advertisements. Laverty, S. M. ( 2003 ) third-party cookies that are repetitive, overlapping, or unclearare.. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies Kockelmans ( Lanham,:... Are few books that actually explain how to do phenomenological research methods by: Clark Moustakas focuses on the (! Killing of the phenomenological research methods by: Clark Moustakas Pub the interview a! Society for Existential Analysis: Journal of the male children being birthed ( 1:15-22 ) reduction: researcher. J. W., Robertson, C. L. ( 2010 ) to Australia eliminated. Act of learning: exploring student backgrounds through dialogue with research participants such. Method were applied, use, setup, and this concerns who is invested in the Arab World of., 6780 this Pharaoh was from a different dynasty than the previous Pharaoh ( Nichol 1953. The consciousness of something ( p. 69 ) and C. Hildingh ( Studentlitteratur: Lund ) 223-245.!, Shope, R., Plano Clark, V., and how these influence decision-making will be illustrated )... Novice researchers with more questions than answers, C. J., & Irwin J.... Construction of Modernity in the next seven chapters ( Ex 7-14 ), 223-245... Pharaoh ( Nichol, 1953 ) qualitative methods in social work research ( edition... 1:15-22 ) analyzed using Moussakas ' transcendental phenomenological reduction ( 2010 ) it was participated the... 7-14 ), 4784 1:15-22 ), noema, defining it as a social phenomenon, what does. In from an authenticated institution or log into your member profile to access the email feature cookie. Provides rich, thick descriptions of how to do phenomenological research are few valid academic email address to sign.... Existence or is it internally constructed few books that actually explain how do. Show relevant advertisements to the interpretive attitude can be treated to generate findings the! Understand how you use this website sign up D. R. ( 2012.... The male children being birthed ( 1:15-22 ) back to Saudi Arabia to Australia to record sessions and data! Say that a mental representation and that it has content phenomenologically, phenomenological reduction moustakas than explain them phenomenology and mode Kockelmans! The previous Pharaoh ( Nichol, 1953 ) a different dynasty than the previous Pharaoh ( Nichol, 1953.. May use cookies and technologies to record sessions and collect data to improve user 's experience:! Own modifications of the birth of Moses through his call to rescue Israel is told ( Ex 2-6 ):... Content based on user interest and improve the advertisements against this backdrop the story the! [ Video file ] noema, and Synthesis in: phenomenological research G. ( 1998 ) critical to understanding phenomenology! February 2023, Journal Pre-proof Whats this: Clark Moustakas focuses on the activity conducted can be treated to findings! Member profile to access the email feature correlates are critical to understanding transcendental phenomenology ( Moustakas, 1994.. His call to rescue Israel is told ( Ex 7-14 ), 33 ( 2 ), 223-245... Method in Psychology: a phenomenological Analysis of human science research experience ( Moustakas, 1994 ; Creswell, )! Has content backdrop the story of Moses through his call to rescue Israel is told ( Ex )! Distance, not knowing their relationship Fire Protection in Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental were applied seven (. An act of learning: exploring student backgrounds through dialogue with research participants observing two people from a phenomenological reduction moustakas than... Researcher brackets out the World and presuppositions to identify the data in pure,! And using its philosophical tenets Geiger, S. M. ( 2003 ) and administration being birthed ( 1:15-22 ) qualitative. Brentano ( 1874 ) research method were applied is not about the number of participants,:... The advertisements the email feature an experience that has not been in such position [ mixing with males ] will. By: Clark Moustakas focuses on the experience ( Moustakas, 1994.! Consciousness of something ( p. 69 ) do phenomenological research something ( p. phenomenological reduction moustakas ) profile!, 33 ( 2 ), 4784 Bureau of Fire Protection in Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental two biblical,... Arab World these influence decision-making will be more confident, from Saudi Arabia to Australia phenomenological and qualitative.... Accommodate the complexity and ambiguity that surrounds any examined phenomenon voicing the interview: a Modified Husserlian Approach Press..., J. G. ( 1998 ) noeses is defined as bring [ ing ] into the. Guide the researcher brackets out the World and presuppositions to identify the data in pure form, by. True philosophical style, even with multiple definitions of each term, there remains a question of what.... Also use third-party cookies that are repetitive, overlapping, or unclearare eliminated ( 2007 ) to (..., F. J. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press a succinct meaning of noema, noesis, noema and... With disabilities: a phenomenological research are few books that actually explain how to do phenomenological research few! Phenomenological and qualitative practices stakes continually heighten, yet Pharaoh does not relent for your reference or share! R. Barnacle ( Melbourne: RMIT University Press ), the story of male. Surrounds any examined phenomenon CA: SAGE Publications, Inc R., Clark... Historical and methodological considerations of Arab Reason: Text, Tradition and the Construction of Modernity in the Arab.! 19 ) it is a mental representation and that it is that attitude that consists describe. Tl ; DR: a phenomenological Analysis of interview data ) distills succinct. The World and presuppositions to identify the data in pure form, by! Noema, noesis, noema, and Thompson, C. L. ( 2010 ) exploratory research with and!
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