Analyzing further, Adelekan posited that the changing land cover in the Lagos coastal area shows that between 1986 and 2002, the amount of developed land comprising. Leakage of diesel oil from heavy duty machines such as bulldozers and trucks also pollutes the soil. Apart from the Island areas; other places in the mainland such as Oworonshoki (Third Mainland Bridge axis) and areas of Ikorodu have been undergoing extensive land reclamation for developmental purpose. Some towns, such as King's Lynn, which were once on the coast are now a few kilometres inland. Industry experts are also concerned with the level of compliance with existing Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. The causes of land reclamation in the Niger Delta are grouped into two: (1) direct and (2) indirect causes. The sponsors are also of the view that it would make considerable impact in the economic development of Lagos and Nigeria due to its strategic location. Five ways human ecology influence reclamation of coastal environment include: Concentration: is a process whereby a given area becomes concentrated by human population due to the fertility of the land. Landscape that is formed at the end of the solidification process of the swamp becomes attractive to land speculators who sand fill and reinforce the area in other to carry out construction work. During clearing heavy machinery fell trees. This is because the organisms that reside in these areas are wiped out during the first phase of reclamation. Similarly, reckless and indiscriminate hunting in opened forest reduces population and thus reduces species diversity, which may lead to extinction of some species. The inflow and out flow of fresh water will change the hydrology and the biology of the river. We provide you with the latest breaking news. The investment company of Lagos state, Ibile Holding Company is carrying out the project on behalf of the state. A field observation made indicates that seeds at the end of the sand filled area had better growth than seeds at the mouth of the entrance of the balkanized sand. Anthropogenic activities around the coast is detrimental to its sustainability because of the addition of pollutants and contaminants [5]. Faced with the challenge of over 20 million people inhabiting a landmass of about 1,171.28 square kilometres, land reclamation has become a norm in Lagos to mitigate its pressing need for. Another resident, Owowole Ayante, appealed to the dredging company to halt further project work on the site until a channel is created, adding that this would make members of the community to be able to navigate their boats into the lagoon to fish. For instance, establishment of refinery in a locality leads to the reclamation of more coastal lands to harbor the cluster of people who come to seek for jobs. Nearly one in six Africans is a Nigerian. Members of the public have been advised to comply with the Stop Work/Suspension Orders or risk facing criminal charges and the confiscation of their dredging equipment by the government, the officials said. It also affects soil-dwelling organisms from adverse impact on water and soil quality. Land that is reclaimed is used for construction of schools, hospitals, roads and bridges. Public Law 95-87 requires that the AML section reclaim . More often the wealthy and highly placed people in the society purchase and develop coastal areas, by building residential mansions, hotels and sea-side resorts. Also narrating his challenges, Loko Joseph, noted that the activity did not only disrupt their source of surviving income; he also lamented that the situation of the waterway around the site of the reclamation exercise has destroyed their fishing facilities. The proposed reclamation in Penang island is reflective of a market-driven redevelopment - a common global trend which aims to transform any disorderly and substandard areas into modern, organised urban spaces fit for capital accumulation. Apart from the Eko Atlantic project, there are other lands that have been reclaimed and are being developed into housing estates for residential and business purposes. This condition is believed to be caused by high concentration of soil nutrients at the end of the sand fill area that flowed in with the river water during high tide. The dredged soil that is evacuated from the river bottom is dumped on land surface and smothers coastal vegetation such as mangroves. The promise of accelerating growth, however, is questionable. So, some observers are of the view that the recent flooding that are now common in these areas are not unconnected to the ongoing massive land reclamation. These activities are common in areas where there are coastal vegetation e.g. This could lead to the death of soil dwelling organisms. Cities such as Guangzhou (China), Jakarta (Indonesia), Mombasa (Kenya), Osaka (Japan), Singapore, Conakry (Guinea), and Adelaide (Australia), whose pre-reclamation elevation is less than <2 m + MSL, are especially vulnerable to increased magnitude and frequency of storm surges and coastal flooding. Books > The continuous pumping and pouring of sand ashore after a while lead to the formation of sand mountains, which are more often abandoned at the end of the business (Figure 4). early, mid and late successional species) within 15years, 510years and 1030years respectively. Few cities in the world actively reclaim land at the rate of Hong Kong and Singapore, with the practice deeply woven into each cities' history while also playing a key role in future development. It should be noted that land reclamation is not peculiar to Nigeria alone; it is an age-long practice that is common in many parts of the world; coastal areas to be precise. Manila Bay, the country's center of navigational trade and commerce, is shared by five cities in Metro Manila and four coastal provinces. The governments position was contained in a statement jointly signed by the Commissioner for Physical Planning and Urban Development, Dr. Idris Salako and his counterpart in the Ministry of Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Kabiru Ahmed Abdullahi. While this is a fairly high percentage, the rural populations have dwindled down in recent years, down from 85% in 1960. from lands, the diking and draining of tidal marshes, the smoothing and re-vegetation of strip-mine spoil areas [8]. The project descriptions include shoreline protection and reclamation activities of over 1, 000 hectare of land and construction of a mixed-use development in the city. Towns and semi-dense areas, which have a population of at least 5,000 inhabitants in contiguous grid cells with a density of at least 300 inhabitants per km 2; and. The mangrove forests were mowed down by bulldozers and evacuated as logs, and in its place white sand was pumped from the sea unto the land. The problem is that mangroves provide numerous ecosystem services to the local people while the palms provide no ecosystem service to the people. In July 2000, Nigeria's population was estimated at more than 123 million people. They claim that their canoes have since been lying on the empty shores as they could not sail out to the lagoon for fish hunting. It is often considered in places that are densely populated and flat land is scarce. One of the experts that have called on the Lagos state government to soft-pedal on the reclamation exercise is a former Surveyor General of the Federation, Peter Nwilo. Decrease in water level affect intertidal level especially when areas along the shore receive no water supply and become dry. When reclamation is done without engineering specification or advice, you see disorderliness in the land use.. Changes in river channel via canalization or dredging changes the river system by increasing the length and breadth of the river which affects the flow dynamics and hydrology of the river [3]. The city is situated on four main islands namely, Lagos, Victoria, Iddo, and Ikoyi which are all connected by a network of bridges. Land reclamation is also known as land fill, it is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake beds. Diamond Island is located at Ilubirin Foreshore Estate and is being done by Lagos state government and a dredging company. Moreover, mangroves forests protect coastal communities against storm surges, which have been reported to save lives. Speaking during an interview with Punch, the state Commissioner for Information and Strategy, Kehinde Bamigbetan said that the Environmental Impact Assessment, EIA report on the project had taken care of future negative impact on the environment, adding that the Lagos state government, as a responsible government, carried out comprehensive EIA before embarking on massive land reclamation going on in the coastal areas of the state. The succession process in the Niger Delta occurs in three phases (Figure 7). The latter is derived from coastal activities such as oil and gas, shipping, fishing, tourism and commerce. Before coastal lands are to be acquired proper environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies need to be conducted to develop proper management plan aimed at forestalling loss and extinction of common and rare species. The law confers the mandate to implement it on the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) in accordance with this law. This is encapsulated in the Land Use Act promulgated in 1978, which states that all lands in Nigeria belong to the Federal Government, this include but not limited to under-water land that is 200 nautical miles from the shore. The way the practice is being done in Nigeria encourages subsidence along the coast. Along the coast, the average precipitation is about 2,000mm to 3,000mm. The implication of these landscape reclamations is that the destruction of mangrove forests lead to a colossal loss of ecosystem services to the environment. Another importance of land reclamation in Nigeria is that it can be used to create artificial islands where they have not existed before. Lagos, located in the south-western region of western Nigeria, is a city perpetually on the brink of flooding. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. 86 of 1992, which guides such projects. Speaking on the Oworonsoki land reclamation exercise, Commissioner for Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Ade Akinsanya said that the project would add immense economic values to the state. Section 1(1) of the Nigerian Minerals and Mining Act, 2007 gives the federal government ownership and . According to Wikipedia, land reclamation (land fill) is a process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds, or lake beds. Continuous mining leads to the deformation of the coast lines and the destruction of aquatic organisms, which results in extinction of species. These areas are naturally covered with water during high tides, but are filled with soil and consolidated to prevent tidal flooding during high tide. It is crucial to the environment's welfare both now and in the future. I am saying this because I know several businessmen and a diplomat from Nigeria who were scammed. The Niger Delta is found in the southern part of Nigeria and borders the Atlantic Ocean (Figure 1). Artificial Land Reclamation Project | Cities Skylines 44,080 views Nov 12, 2020 1.2K Dislike Share SAM BUR 118K subscribers Reclaiming land, creating artificial islands, fancy buildings and. ( See also city; urban planning .) This system is usually used when the sea bed is shallow. He said: Personally, I do not think that we are doing it the right way. The problem of this action is that the nipa palm forest after being cleared is repossessed by the government for infrastructural developments, which rather than reduce the negative effect worsen the situation of the coast. The Government also ordered the immediate cessation of all ongoing works, construction, reclamation and other similar activities in respect of extension approvals granted or being processed at Banana Island and Osborne Foreshore, Ikoyi. There is nowhere along this zone that is more than 200 meters. It is a strategy for protecting or restoring the function, structure and species composition of an ecosystem while providing for its sustainable socioeconomic use. They engage in it with a view to getting additional land for industrial purpose, building, roads construction and other activities. It cannot, therefore, violate its own laws and standards by doing otherwise.. The solidified area is used as a platform for construction activities. According to him, disruption of the ecology would also have a negative impact on the people living in the affected area. However, there are other types of land reclamation, depending on the type of fill material, topography of the seabed and the type of equipment available. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. Dutch engineers were also brought in to reclaim a lot of the land in the Fens and Lincolnshire around the Wash. Town of Hemptstead's Morewood Property in Nassau County, before reclamation. sea-side resort, roads, houses, light poles and shopping malls. The sand was brought out from the river by suction pressure through long pipes. Here in Nigeria, the trend of reclamation of land is very common in Lagos, the nation's commercial capital, a coastal city that is located in the South West of Nigeria. It is the responsibility of the Government to protect the land against illegal landscape reclamations. These are commonly flooding because there is no shelter bay to take the runoff from the land areas. This is because their adventitious root system traps sediments during tidal flow, and accumulate it over a long period of time. So, they use a quote in the Bible which says a man has been given dominion status to justify the claim. In an assessment of over 136 port cities, the UN body ranked the city of Lagos as 38th as regards exposure to flooding. Land reclamation requires heavy construction work, bulldozers, scrapers, excavators, continuous operation . He explained that such development constrains the free flow of water in its natural direction and alter the flow alignment from the primary drainage channels across the city, leading to widespread flooding even with a little volume of rainfall. The system of reclaiming land can be achieved through various methods. Succession is an ecological process, which is a change in species composition of communities over time. This is a list of selected cities, towns, and other populated places in Nigeria, ordered alphabetically by state. I have spent so much fixing my boats and engines in the last two months because they keep getting stuck in the mud.. Sand spreading is when a spreader is mounted on a small floating barge; so sand is discharged alongside with water through perforations in the pipe. Examples of artificial islands in Nigeria include Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos, Gracefield Island, Lekki, Lagos, The Eko Atlantic, Victoria Island, and Lagos. But a land or coastal area that has been plundered and polluted may loss its economic value [2]. Restoration: it is the attempt to fully restore the original ecosystem. Amid a growing spate of dredging and reclamation activities in several parts of Lagos State, experts have called for caution, as the enormity of such activities along the commercial capital. Lending his voice on the matter, an environmentalist, Osawe Irabors view differs from those of Nwilo, Faniran and Afegbua. Re: List Of Igbo Towns In Nigeria. This is a natural ecological restoration. Nigeria: Land Reclamation - Safety Concerns of a Sand-Filled Lagos 16 July 2014 Vanguard (Lagos) By Charles Kumolu LOCATED in between Obalende and Third Mainland Bridge. Political Map of Nigeria Map based on a UN map. The key to understanding Lagos, Africa's most populous city, is in the water. Changes in land form lead to changes in the biogeography of the area. He said that it would attract influx of investments and would boost socio-economic activities in the area, adding that there would be provision for mall and other crucial infrastructures that would improve the aesthetics and security of the axis. White mangroves grow upland while red mangroves grow at the sea shore, so when the former dominate it shows increase in anthropogenic activities. Investigations show that some developers evade the process wantonly, thus, land reclamation is often resulting to flooding, human displacement, building collapse, large displacement of the marine sediments and the development of mud-waves as well as the disruption of the oceans ecosystem. The Act was designed purposely to make provision for slum clearance, land reclamation, estates for industrial and residential purposes as well as to carry out extensive and land use planning in Lagos. The Purple-faced leaf monkey, a long-tailed languor endemic to Sri Lanka, can be seen swinging through the trees. The sand mining activity was abandoned after 2 years of operation. One of the focal points is the much touted urban development that has taken place in Eti-Osa LGA, via land reclamation exercise, especially since 1983 when the Lagos state g. overnment began to allocate the Lekki Peninsula for urban development purpose. Introductory Chapter: Landscape Reclamation as a K Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria. The Great Wall of Lagos will ensure that everyone living and working within the 10 square kilometres (6.2 miles) of reclaimed land for Eko Atlantic and the population of Victoria Island are protected from the sea, Frame assured. Crude oil pipeline and well head situated in reclaimed coastal area in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. We have carried out some investigations. Private investors reclaim coastal areas to execute private business that would boost their economic fortunes. Simplicity and transparency. Evacuation of the tree stumps lead to the loss of many soil organisms from their habitat. These areas dominate the hinter land and are often reclaimed and sand filled to expand their economic potential. Despite the negative consequences of coastal land reclamation to aquatic species, it can add some economic value if used for non-intrusive agricultural activities. This process is called artificial seedling recruitment on reclaimed land [16]. The African Development Bank, Africa Union and Africa50 launched the Alliance during COP27 last November with global partners: the African Union Development Agency, the. If done in an organised manner, I believe nobody will complain. Analyzing further, Adelekan posited that the changing land cover in the Lagos coastal area shows that between 1986 and 2002, the amount of developed land comprisingresidential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other use had experienced tremendous increase from 85.4 square kilometres (43.36per cent) to 111.9 square kilometres (56.8per cent). However, as viable as the reclamation activities are, many analysts, as well as the residents of the communities where the reclamation activities are taking place, take dim view of the activities. This means areas that had been cleared and sand filled could be opened up again to be interconnected with the river, so that it will gradually become alive and revert to its original form [11]. It is also gathered that China also reclaimed 13,455 hectares of land from the sea in 2010; and this has some multiplier effects on the economy of the communist state as it earned over 7.82 billion yuan in revenue for the government, among other socio-economic results it yielded. Rural areas, which consist mostly of low-density grid cells (<300 inhabitants per km 2 ). Cities on China's coast reclaimed an average of 700 square kilometres of land - that's about the size of Singapore - from the sea every year from 2006 to 2010 for new houses, industrial . Hydraulic reclamation method is a wet method that is used when fill material is obtained from an offshore borrow source. Before exploration the site is prepared through pilling, dredging, sand filling, grading and concreting. The loss to the environment is permanent and enormous because for over 34years no coastal species had grown in this area. Every citizen of Nigeria is empowered to acquire and own immovable property anywhere in Nigeria. Narrating their ordeal to Premium Times last year, the residents whose hope of economic survival has been tampered with, have tales of woe to tell concerning their awful experience. So far in this location thousands of houses had been built, which houses over half a million persons. In the same vein, birds feed and nest in the dense foliage. However, there are other ways of actively restoring reclaimed landscape. Using satellite imagery, another group of researchers concluded that the Palm. The conversion of a coastal environment to a terrestrial environment is absolute and cannot be reversed. 86 of 1992 govern the EIA process in Nigeria. The warm shallow waters of the continental shelves are most biologically productive and support the greatest species diversity. Lagos - 8,048,430 Lagos is one of earth's largest urban areas. The swamps are scooped away or reinforced with sand and concrete in other to produce a hard surface on which to construct foundations of buildings. Land reclamation impact the coastal environment in several ways (Table 1). I hope they are being done according to the best practices in order to protect the ecosystem., He concluded by saying that: land reclamation for the purpose of constructing properties in commercial quantities is risky.. Even the engines of our fishing boat are not spared. Like other Atlantic Cities in some parts of the world, Eko Atlantic is constructed to be a citadel of infrastructural development because it is designed to create over 250,000 new jobs and address housing deficit. Also some of the communities where flooding was not prevalent are now battling with serious flooding. However, the Lagos state government has allayed the fear that is being raised in some quarters as regards the massive land reclamation across the state. A conflict has always been there between the urban and peri-urban interface regarding land acquisition. Over half of Nigeria's population live in rural areas -- 52% to be exact. These activities automatically put pressure on the coastal community when other infrastructural activities such as living quarters for staff, health facility, recreational ground and educational facilities are established for workers and their families. The fate of the land reclamation projects depends largely on various local government units. The region is predominantly lowland that stretches northward along both banks of Rivers Niger and Benue from the coast. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60's in Nigeria's economic capital. Mangrove litter decomposes to form manure, which further consolidates the soil structure [15]. Fast-growing cities in the Gulf and Southeast Asia are turning water into real estate at a spectacular pace and scale. Degraded coastal landscape would be remediated by taking away excavated polluted soil and replacing it with swamp soil. Terrestrial land form eventually evolves from an aquatic environment after solidification. description of the basic customary land tenure rules in Nigeria. The area can be strictly protected against further anthropogenic activities to allow for evolutionary forces to change the restored environment. We use various techniques to reclaim land and protect shorelines using our state-of-the-art fleet of dredging vessels and specialized equipment. The presence of mangroves along the coast stabilizes and reinforces the soil against erosion. It was proposed in 2018 and scheduled to be completed in 2025, but the $600 billion project wouldn't have residents moving in until 2032 when housing construction is complete. A combination of these activities leads to the acidification of the river causing fish deaths and physiological and reproductive problems of numerous marine organisms. Im a fisherman, how am I supposed to survive, the man lamented. The aim is to prevent the destruction of the ecosystem by human activities such as sand mining, exploration, hunting and fishing. In a preliminary study conducted in the sand dredged area, soil samples were collected for physico-chemical analysis at three sites (T1, T2 and T3) from the back of the sand filled area to the entrance of the sand fill area (Figure 8). Examples of Land Reclamation The business district of Cebu City in the Philippines, Most of the coastline of the bustling Indian city of Mumbai, the Barceloneta area in Barcelona, Spain and Battery Park City in Manhattan, New York are all prominent examples of reclaimed land. A proposed mangrove protect ted area design where no exploration, exploitation or reclamation activity will occur in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Land in the Niger Delta area is in large demand because of traditional and cultural beliefs attached to the possession of land [1]. Before reclamation the site is cleared, which leads to the destruction of native plant species within the reclaimed area [3]. Work Plan for Groundwater Study at Long Island Mines. In Nigeria reclaimed land is used to build residential quarters, road network, vegetation production, grazing, recreation, shopping complex and refuse disposal site. Together the system of management is called ecosystem management, which is a way of managing reserve to benefit biodiversity and people. Some small towns, notably Minna, Uyo, Makurdi, Maiduguri, and Bauchi, experienced remarkable growth in population and economy after becoming state capitals. Some of the biggest cities in Nigeria are looked at below. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. The Land Reclamation practice area is a multidisciplinary practice that involves understanding site characteristics, desired land use outcomes and stakeholder considerations with the objective of developing a functional predetermined end land use. Nigeria has a land mass area of 923,768 km and places a broad and high significance on land reclamation. Towns and cities along the West African coastline have become prominent as important contributors to national gross domestic products (GDPs). Centralization: these are lands that are regarded as focal points as a result of their economic value. The reason is to increase the land surface area for the purpose of building houses to accommodate more members of the community or establish more infrastructure. The ordinance was a contributory factor to the formation of Planning Agency known as Lagos Executive Development Board (LEBD) then. Deposited sand is usually evacuated by trucks to buyers. Commenting on the economic benefits of the project in the areas where it is taking place, Bamigbetan said: The waterfront has, by the reclamation, been extended. Faced with the challenge of over 20 million people inhabiting a landmass of about 1,171.28 square kilometres, land reclamation has become a norm in Lagos to mitigate its pressing need for housing. In a natural seedling recruitment, after a disturbance event the first set of species that settle and colonize an area are the pioneer species. Of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake beds, towns, and it... Other populated places in Nigeria are looked at below proposed mangrove protect area! Dredging vessels and specialized equipment mangroves forests protect coastal communities against storm surges, which houses over half Nigeria... 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