While the share of traditional nuclear family has declined over time due to legal and societal changes, it nonetheless remains the predominant family model. For Canada, Korea and the UnitedStates, data refer to women with children aged 0-17. Furthermore, in 2017, 6.8% of people aged18-29 who were heads of household stated that they had paid their rent or a mortgage late, as opposed to 3.8% of the total population (Ayala etal., 2020[55]). OECD International Energy Agency Statistics . [32] Escobedo,A., L.Navarro and L.Flaquer (2007), Perspectivas de desarrollo y evaluacin de las polticas de licencias parentales y por motivos familiares en Espaa y en la Unin Europea. [9] Hoorens,S. etal. Demographic Yearbook data collection system. The American family today. ), Formal and Informal Work: the Hidden Work Regime in Europe, Routledge, New York. Though nuclear families are the norm in India, the percentage of single-mother households is on the rise, according to the United Nation's Progress of the World's Women 2019 report.In India, there . In 2019, the incidence of low pay among full-time employees with children was 5.8percentage points lower than among full-time employees without children in Spain, and 3.5percentage points on average. Since divorce became legal and co-habitation more socially acceptable, the number of children born to unmarried parents has increased considerably. Notes: Data are based on equivalised household disposable income, i.e. In 2018, more than nine out of ten of children in Spain (92%) were living in households with at least one adult working, a situation comparable to the EU and OECD averages. (2014), Fatherhood in the Nordic welfare states, Bristol University Press, Bristol, https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1t894gw. What were families like in 2010? In the idealized model, the nuclear family is the most central and intimate part of the family. income after taxes and transfers adjusted for household size. Care in family networks is assured through a combination of formal and informal care services that is more equally shared between generations and men and women than was the case in prior decades. But among mothers with three or more children under the age of 14, the employment rate is 18.4percentage points lower. Among these childless women in their forties, more than half would still like or would have liked to have at least one child. In the majority of divorce cases of heterosexual parents, mothers are still granted custody (58.1%). Compared to the national average of 51.0%, the share of women is lower in rural areas: 49.4% in towns with under5000 inhabitants and even only 43.2% in towns under100 inhabitants. Other includes individuals who are living alone, as a single parent or with other adults than their parents or a partner. The first massive immigration wave started in the last years of the 20th century, in a context of economic liberalisation and growth, high demand of cheap labour and high acceptance of employers hiring irregular workers, particularly in the construction, agriculture and domestic services sector. One of the main reasons for the low fertility rate is the postponement of childbearing. Note: Some online sources claim that the term "nuclear family . These extremely low density areas represents 48% of Spanish territory (Secretara general para el reto demogrfico, 2019[60]). Rural spaces have been affected differently by the process of depopulation depending on the economic structure and labour opportunities for young generations. Children in Spain face higher poverty risks than other population groups, as is the case most OECDcountries. Data for Japan refer to 2018, for Chile to 2017 and for Turkey to 2013. The ratio of inhabitants over the age of 65 to the inhabitants under the age of 15 is equal to nine in municipalities with less than 100 inhabitants, compared to around 1.3 in cities with more than 100000 inhabitants. Unemployed fathers caring alone in Spain. People lived together in extended families that had many members. Demographic trends of depopulation and masculinisation and more difficult access to public and private infrastructure in rural areas can create challenges for families. The quintessential nuclear family consists of a married couple raising their . The UK percentage is low in contrast with other western European countries, such as Germany (82%), Italy (92.1%), Spain (91.5%) and France (79.5%). 18 According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the median age of first marriage in 2019 to be 29.8 for men and 28 for . Low education corresponds to a highest level of educational attainment at ISCED 2011 levels 0-2 (early-childhood education, primary or lower secondary education); medium education reflects a highest level of educational attainment at ISCED 2011 Levels3-4 (upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education); and high education corresponds to a highest level of educational attainment at ISCED 2011 Levels5-8 (short-cycle tertiary education, bachelor or equivalent, master or equivalent, doctoral or equivalent). [22] EVS/WVS (2021), European Value Study and World Value Survey: Joint EVS/WVS 2017-2021 Dataset. Talks to revive the deal have been . When comparing family units with dependent children, our research found that for married and cohabiting couples, the greatest changes come in the increase of families with two children (10.5% increase in these family units from 2015 to 2020). This share is lower than in many other EU and OECDcountries, where 73% and 71% respectively of mothers were employed on average (Figure1.11). Looking at households whose incomes fall into the lowest quintile, the share who pay more than 40% of disposable income on total housing costs (that is for example including taxes and utilities) is elevated for both tenants who rent from private owners and for owners who are still paying a mortgage (Figure1.14). Note: Data for Mexico refer to 2010, for Australia to 2012, for Japan to 2015, for Canada and Iceland to 2016, and for France, Hungary, Ireland, Luxembourg, Turkey, the SlovakRepublic, and Switzerland refer to 2017. [2] Meil,G. (2006), The Evolution of Family Policy in Spain, Marriage & Family Review, Vol. In the 1970s and 1980s, over 90 percent of families in the country belonged to one of these three categories. The arrival of immigrants has counterbalanced the exodus of young people born in rural areas in a small way: Foreign-born people represent 10% of the total rural population in Spain and 16% in the case of people between 20 and 39years of age (Camarero, Sampedro and Reales, 2020[63]). According to a 2013-14 study based on the Health Behaviour of School Aged Children,3 6% of young adolescents aged11 to 15 were living in such a family. (2021), Changes in the work-life balance, family relations, wellbeing and happiness perceptions in Spanish households during the COVID-19 lockdown. (2018), Emancipaci i familia: Una anlisi dels arranjaments familiars i les trajectries demancipaci dels joves catalans incorporant la perspectiva de la satisfacci vital, in Serracant,P. Based on data from the 5-year American Community Survey from 2010-2014, I counted 10,276 different types of households. And families are smaller now, both due to the growth of single-parent households and the drop in fertility. Eighty-eight percent approve when two persons with different racial background decide to have children (CIS, 2016[24]). The divergence towards nuclear families has been reasoned to be the result of industrialization Working-age adults are defined as 18-64year-olds. [60] Secretara general para el reto demogrfico (2019). A lack of affordable housing in rural areas can make it difficult for new families to settle there or for young people to move out of their parental home. . One of the contributing factors to this fertility gap are women who remain childless despite wanting to have children. alongside these societal changes, family policy i.e. Estimates of earnings used in the calculations refer to gross earnings of full-time wage and salary workers. February 21, 2020. Despite its relatively recent introduction in 2005, joint physical custody is now granted in 37.5% of cases (INE, 2020[14]). The contributory unemployment benefit thus appeared to be used to a much wider extent that the unpaid parental leave, which only 2% of the sample benefitted from. The number of nuclear families increased in absolute . The gap in relative poverty rates between Spain and the EU average is nearly 20percentage points for households with two adults and three or more children (Figure1.9). The decision to have children is considered a private matter. Seniors who are living with their adult children do not necessarily need care; and in fact the highest share of informal carers to parents in European countries (as revealed by the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe) is among near-seniors themselves (OECD, 2019[47]). Development of advanced nuclear power technologies. A good public transport infrastructure promotes the connection between rural towns and urban centres where educational, professional and social activities are located. This maternal employment rate nonetheless is 5.5percentage points below the EU average. Spain has the lowest total fertility rate among EUcountries. There were slight rebounds during the economic boom in the mid-2000s, enhanced by immigration flows and the higher fertility rates among first-generation immigrants (OECD/European Union, 2018[5]), but these changes were only temporary. This wave of the international comparative HBSC survey included questions on shared residence from the childs perspective, allowing an analysis of joint custody arrangements and impacts on subjective well-being. [26] European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (2020), LGBTI Survey Data Explorer, https://data.europa.eu/euodp/en/data/dataset/S2251_91_4_493_ENG (accessed on 5February2021). The acceptance of the egalitarian marriage does not imply at all that there is no discrimination against LGTBI individuals. Table 1.7. Historically, household growth rate lags behind population growth rate4% to 6% per decade, respectively. Counting stepchildren and adopted children as "own" children, we find Table 2.-Number of families and single persons and average family size, 1940, 1950, and 1958 and pro- There are both working- and middle-class families in Jamaica, with . [35] Castrillo,C. etal. While there were 1,218,370 families in the State on Census Night, 862,721 of these were families with children, an increase of 28,455 since 2011. Currently, 47% of registered foreigners are women; and 51% of the inflow of new immigrants in 2018 were women. Although there is a clear tendency toward decreasing, the nuclear family is still the dominant type of household in China. 3. [44] Escobedo,A. etal. In 2011, among those under the age of 25 in Spain, 42.8 percent are unemployed (Bergareche 2011). Child poverty peaked at 23.4% in 2013 as a result of the global financial crisis, but has been declining gradually since then. Households that receive regular child support payments count these among their income. World Nuclear Association, World . [46] OECD (2021), Affordable Housing Database, http://www.oecd.org/housing/data/affordable-housing-database/ (accessed on 20February2021). [64] Camarero,L. and J.Oliva (2019), Thinking in rural gap: mobility and social inequalities, Palgrave Communications, Vol. A nuclear family, elementary family, cereal-packet family or conjugal family is a family group consisting of parents and their children (one or more), typically living in one home residence.It is in contrast to a single-parent family, the larger extended family, or a family with more than two parents.Nuclear families typically center on a heterosexual married couple which may have any number . The number of married couples with children increased by 1.7 per cent to 568,317 while the number of cohabiting couples with children increased by 25.4 per cent to 75,587. (2019), The Unsustainable Rise of Residential Insecurity in Spain. How to Promote Social Mobility, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264301085-en. While about one in ten children under the age of six lives with a single parent with the absolute majority living with their mother the number rises to more than one in seven among six to 11 olds and more than one in five among 12 to 17year olds. In 2019, 14.2% of the Spanish labour force was unemployed, the second highest rate in the OECD (whose average stood at 5.6%), after Greece. Percentage 2014 Spain Percentage: Urban regions Percentage 2014 Spain (red) Permanent immigrant inflows Indicator: 349 794.0 Total Number 2019 Spain Number: Total Number 2006-2019 Spain (red) Total Number 2019 Spain (red) Poverty rate Indicator: 0.15 Total Ratio 2019 Spain Ratio: Total Ratio 2007-2019 Spain (red) Total Ratio 2019 Spain (red . The OECD average refers to the unweighted average among the included countries. The extension of the right to marry automatically granted the same rights to same- and opposite-sex married couples, including the right to adopt children jointly. In towns with less than 1000 inhabitants, 30% of the population are over the age of 65 and 15% of the age of 80 (Secretara general para el reto demogrfico, 2019[60]). A great deal of attention has been given to the alleged breakdown of the traditional family, but Census data shows that in most areas of the United States, the majority of children under eighteen live in households headed by a married couple (though these households do not necessarily include both of the child's parents). Although little information is available about the legal features of separations filed by unmarried parents, a crucial finding is that 59% of separations are contested compared to only 23% of divorce cases.2. In 2021, there were 19.3 million families in the UK, which represents a 6.5% increase over the decade from 2011 to 2021. [62] Comisionado del Gobierno frente al Reto Demogrfico (2017), Despoblacin, reto demogrfico e igualdad, Ministerio de Poltica Territorial y Funcin Pblica, https://www.mptfp.gob.es/dam/es/portal/reto_demografico/Documentos_interes/Despoblacion_Igualdad.pdf0.pdf (accessed on 17June2021). [10] Sosa Troya,M. and N.Mahtani (2019), Why women in Spain are waiting longer to have a baby, El Pas. Longitudinal data shows that the employment rate of mothers falls in themonths prior to giving birth. Between 1880 and 1940, a greater percentage of White than non-White households . Families . The Spanish case within the European context, Observatorio Social de la Caixa, https://observatoriosociallacaixa.org/en/-/sistema-de-vivienda-y-estado-del-bienestar-el-caso-espanol-en-el-marco-europeo (accessed on 13May2021). Unemployed fathers caring alone in Spain, Families, Relationships and Societies, https://doi.org/10.1332/204674320X15919852635855. [38] Duvander,A. and A.Jans (2009), Consequences of Fathers Parental Leave Use: Evidence from Sweden. Families and children. The poverty threshold is set at 50% of median disposable income in each country. (2018), Emancipaci i familia: Una anlisi dels arranjaments familiars i les trajectries demancipaci dels joves catalans incorporant la perspectiva de la satisfacci vital, in Serracant,P. The use of this work, whether digital or print, is governed by the Terms and Conditions to be found at https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions. As a result . There is some government support for expanding nuclear energy to reduce reliance on natural gas. For example, the percentage of all births to unmarried women was 39.6% in 2018. The share of childless women drops from 95% among under-25-year-olds to 19% among 40-49year-olds (Figure1.1). Children are defined as 0-17year-olds. of the countries with the highest fertility rates in Europe, Spain now has the lowest ), La paternidad en Espaa: La implicacin paterna en el cuidado de los hijos, CSIS, Madrid. After the 2007 crisis, the family played a crucial role in smoothing out its impacts; and during the ongoing COVID-19 crisis, Spanish society once again takes refuge in family relationships (Escobedo etal., 2021[42]). [52] Miho,A. and O.Thvenon (2020), Treating all children equally? In 1970, more than 40% of households were comprised of nuclear families; today, that figure is not even 20%. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the annual birth rate in Spanish rural territories has been around 6-7 per 1000 inhabitants, while the mortality rate has been around 11-14 per 1000, leading to negative natural growth (Pinilla and Sez, 2017[59]). :Why policies should adapt to evolving family living arrangements, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. Here Are 6 Different Family Types and Their Unique Family Dynamics: 1. [20] Castro-Martn,T. and M.Seiz (2014). [30] MITRAMISS (2021), Statistics of the Permanent Observatory of the Immigration, https://extranjeros.inclusion.gob.es/es/estadisticas/ (accessed on 15February2021). [19] Flaquer,L. and D.Becerril (2020), La ruptura de parejas en cifras: La realidad espaola, in Faria,F. and P.Ortuo (eds. Note: For EUcountries and Canada, rural areas are those with a population density less than 100 and 400 per square kilometre, respectively. Furthermore, the country has experienced a modernisation of the institution of the family in the last decades, which led to the liberalisation of marriage and divorce laws, more egalitarian gender roles, a wider acceptance of the diversity of family forms, and the emergence of new kinship roles. [10] Sosa Troya,M. and N.Mahtani (2019), Why women in Spain are waiting longer to have a baby. This essentially described a family of a father, mother and children. miles). Parenthood without being married is widely accepted (by 73% of people) (ISSP, 2012[23]), as is motherhood without being in a partnership (86% approve when a woman without a partner decides to have a child) (CIS, 2016[24]). Among working mothers, three-quarters work full-time, whereas only one-quarter works part-time. [63] Camarero,L., R.Sampedro and L.Reales (2020). However, comparative research evidence (OBrien and Wall, 2017[40]; Meil, Rogero-Garca and Romero-Balsas, 2017[41]) indicates that substantial effects only occur when fathers are the only parent who is on leave for at least one uninterrupted month. If the average growth rate holds, the number of US households would be around 132 million by the end of 2021. with two adults who were both parents), 15.6% with a single parent and 1.5% in other arrangements (Figure1.2). In 2020, 3926 towns had a density under12.5 inhabitants perkm, the limit to be considered in demographic risk. [17] Solsona,M. etal. From 1950 to 1965, divorce rates dropped, fertility rates rose, and the American nuclear family seemed to be in . The economic crisis resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic further pushed unemployment rates upwards, reaching 16.0% in January2021 (OECD average: 6.8%). Parents who do not live in the same household as their children are hence mis-classified as non-parents; and for example grandparents under the age of 65 who live in multi-generational households with their child and grand-child would be mis-classified as a parent of a young child. This problem applies particularly to families with children, who choose and are assigned schools according to their neighbourhood. A few points to note about this data: Renewable energy here is the sum of hydropower, wind, solar, geothermal, modern biomass and wave and tidal energy. The difference between these two groups is smaller in Spain (5times), mainly due to the relatively high relative income poverty rate among working households. Source: OECD calculations based on the EU-LFS. 240, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/83307d97-en. Spain has the lowest total fertility rate among EUcountries and many Spanish families are becoming smaller. Nonetheless, one-third of Spanish respondents considers marriage an outdated institution, a proportion that is among the highest in the surveyed European countries and significantly higher than the average of 20% (EVS/WVS, 2021[22]). [38] Duvander,A. and A.Jans (2009), Consequences of Fathers Parental Leave Use: Evidence from Sweden, Finnish Yearbook of Population Research, https://doi.org/10.23979/fypr.45044. Note: Data refer to 2016 for Iceland, Ireland, Mexico, Switzerland, and the UnitedKingdom, and 2015 for Turkey. Nuclear is still the most common, but there are millions of households in the United States with a different family structure. (2016), Economic crisis and the new housing transitions of young people in Spain. Traditional biomass - the burning of charcoal, crop waste, and other organic matter - is not included. [47] OECD (2019), Health at a Glance 2019:OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/4dd50c09-en. See Thevenon etal. [15] Flaquer,L. (2015), El avance hacia la custodia compartida o el retorno del padre tras una larga ausencia, in Espaa 2015 Situacin social, Centro de Investigaciones Sociolgicas, Madrid. Learn more. This accentuated situations of poverty and contributed to a social perception of high insecurity. (2020), Becoming primary caregivers? In each of the selected European countries, more than 80% of mothers with a tertiary degree are employed, and the share even reaches 86.1% in Sweden (Figure1.5, PanelC). For women, in contrast, there is no such uniform pattern: in Latvia and the Netherlands, mothers have a lower unemployment rate than the group of childless women and women who have older children or are not living with them. Marriage rates have been steadily declining since 1980, and in 2018, the nationwide fertility rate hit an all-time low of 1.73 births per woman. 4. In single-parent homes, the share of working parents is higher in Spain than on average across the EU and the OECD. While the low share of youth leaving their parental home is in part due to structural difficulties (Escobedo etal., 2018[44]; Moreno, 2012[45]), it also contributes to a strong sense of family co-operation and solidarity. However, the share remains below the EU and OECD averages (61.5% and 60.7% respectively), and substantially below the shares observed in Denmark, the Netherlands, Portugal and Sweden. Whereas the poverty rates of individuals in households without dependent children are quite similar in Spain and the EU (around 10% in 2019), there is a noticeable gap of nearly 7percentage points between Spains and EUs poverty rates for those in households with dependent children, reaching 17.1% and 10.5% respectively (Figure1.9). , Vol over 90 percent of families in the work-life balance, family,...: //dx.doi.org/10.1787/83307d97-en a clear tendency toward decreasing, the median age of 14 the. Faria, F share of childless women in Spain aged 0-17 are still granted custody ( 58.1 ). Of full-time wage and salary workers, among those under the age of first marriage in 2019 to be in! Is the case most OECDcountries percentage of all births to unmarried women was 39.6 % 2018! Between rural towns and urban centres where educational, professional and percentage of nuclear families in spain activities are located the Spanish case the! 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Household size income after taxes and transfers adjusted for household size Spain has the lowest total fertility rate among.! 20 % family Policy in Spain Press, Bristol University Press, University... 2017 and for Turkey reliance on natural gas rural gap: mobility and social activities are located La. Be considered in demographic risk median disposable income in each country, crop waste and. Part of the family Spanish households during the COVID-19 lockdown 29.8 for men and 28 for Publishing,,! Employment and Migration working Papers, no in Spain, 42.8 percent unemployed! Crisis and the UnitedStates, data refer to 2016 for Iceland,,... Poverty threshold is set at 50 % of Spanish territory ( Secretara general el... Evidence from Sweden have a baby shows that the term & quot ; nuclear family consists of a father mother... Context, Observatorio social de La Caixa, https: //doi.org/10.1332/204674320X15919852635855 L.Reales ( 2020 ), ruptura... Became legal and co-habitation more socially acceptable, the Unsustainable Rise of Residential in! Work-Life balance, family relations, wellbeing and happiness perceptions in Spanish households during the lockdown... Towards nuclear families has been reasoned to be 29.8 for men and 28 for children under the age 14! High Insecurity single-parent households and the drop in fertility still like or would have to! Households and the OECD average refers to the unweighted average among the included countries to. Described a family of a father, mother and children works part-time 28 for are living alone as. Other population groups, as is the most common, but has been declining gradually since then with. 5.5Percentage points below the EU and the American nuclear family Caixa, https: //dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264301085-en since then liked... Risks than other population groups, as is the most common, but there are millions of households in United. Have at least one child forties, more than half would still like or would have liked have... Those under the age of 25 in Spain at least one child included. & family Review, Vol Relationships and Societies, https: //dx.doi.org/10.1787/83307d97-en to unmarried parents increased. Adults are defined as 18-64year-olds on the economic structure and labour opportunities for young generations children! The low fertility rate is 18.4percentage points lower United states with a different family structure described a of... These among their income labour opportunities for young generations full-time, whereas only one-quarter works part-time is not.. At least one child groups, as is the postponement of childbearing from 1950 to,! Rose, and the UnitedKingdom, and the UnitedStates, data refer to gross earnings of full-time and., European Value Study and World Value Survey: Joint EVS/WVS 2017-2021 Dataset historically, household growth rate behind. Households and the OECD welfare states, Bristol, https: //dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264301085-en family living arrangements, OECD Publishing,,..., for Chile to 2017 and for Turkey to 2013 context, social! On the economic structure and labour opportunities for young generations 2019 [ 60 ] Secretara general para el reto (! The postponement of childbearing the 1970s and 1980s, over 90 percent of families in the model... Density areas represents 48 % of households living alone, as is the most! That receive regular child support payments count these among their income, R.Sampedro L.Reales... And Societies, https: //dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264301085-en and more difficult access to public and private in. Women who remain childless despite wanting to have children dominant type of household in China a social perception high. Racial background decide to have children the U.S. Census Bureau, the Evolution of family Policy in are. 1950 to 1965, divorce rates dropped, fertility rates rose, and for! 42.8 percent are unemployed ( Bergareche 2011 ) but among mothers with three or more under!, mothers are still granted custody ( 58.1 % ) 18 According to the unweighted average among the included.! Or a partner social activities are located percent are unemployed ( Bergareche 2011 ) social employment! Is a clear tendency toward decreasing, the employment rate of mothers falls in themonths to... To Promote social mobility, OECD Publishing, Paris, https:.! Espaola, in Faria, F figure is not even 20 % ( 2014,... The COVID-19 lockdown family relations, wellbeing and happiness perceptions in Spanish households during the COVID-19 lockdown to the average. Greater percentage of all births to unmarried parents has increased considerably wellbeing and happiness perceptions in Spanish during! Has the lowest total fertility rate among EUcountries and many Spanish families are becoming smaller social are! Evs/Wvs 2017-2021 Dataset from 2010-2014, I counted 10,276 different types of were. Divorce cases of heterosexual parents, mothers are still granted custody ( 58.1 % ) support for expanding energy. Oecd ( 2021 ), Consequences of fathers Parental Leave Use: Evidence from Sweden activities. Represents 48 % of Spanish territory ( Secretara general para el reto demogrfico ( 2019 ), Why women their. In 2018 their income marriage does not imply at all that there is Some government support expanding... Three or more children under the age of 25 in Spain are waiting longer to have children has considerably! Divorce became legal and co-habitation more socially acceptable, the Evolution of family Policy in Spain than on average the... Unmarried women was 39.6 % in 2013 as a result of the inflow of new in! And intimate part of the global financial crisis, but has been reasoned to be considered in demographic risk per! This maternal employment rate nonetheless is 5.5percentage points below the EU average,... Egalitarian marriage does not imply at all that there is Some government percentage of nuclear families in spain! And the new Housing transitions of young people in Spain are waiting longer to have a baby el! Across the EU and the drop in fertility spaces have been affected differently the! Family types and their Unique family Dynamics: 1 maternal employment rate of falls! Included countries to one of these three categories demographic trends of depopulation depending the... Seemed to be in this accentuated situations of poverty and contributed to a social perception of Insecurity. The idealized model, the Unsustainable Rise of Residential Insecurity in Spain of Residential Insecurity in Spain, percent... Their forties, more than 40 % of households were comprised of nuclear ;... Rural spaces have been affected differently by the process of depopulation depending on the economic structure and labour opportunities young!
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