application of microbial genetics in industries

Microbial production of 1,3-propanediol. 17, 1215. In some cases the production results from an apparent accident in nature where an organism manufactures many thousands of times the amount necessary for its own metabolism. isolated from Se-laden soil of North-East Punjab, India. A., El-Tras, W., and Elguindy, N. M. (2016a). The potential of fungal chitosan, when present in bioactive filters, to chelate heavy metals and inhibit pathogenic microbial agents in contaminated water was recently evaluated (e.g., Ruholahi et al., 2016; Tayel et al., 2016a) for the development of a renewable, ecofriendly, and cost-effective polymer that can help overcome the current problems of chemical and microbial water pollution (Tayel et al., 2016b). Modern genetics focuses on the chemical substance that genes are made of, called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, and the ways in which it affects the chemical reactions that constitute the living processes within the cell. Stephen, A., Marglin, S. A., and Schor, J. B., Whittle, H. C., and Aaby, P. (2016). U.S.A. 90, 1147811482. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.014, Cheng, L., Chen, W., Adams, T. S., Wei, X., Li, L., McCormack, M. L., et al. Int. 93, 125130. Sens. Technol. Natl Acad. Sci. Optimization of fermentation media for xanthan gum production from Xanthomonas campestris using response surface methodology and artificial neural network techniques. Bioelectron. Thumbnail: A group of Genetically modified GloFish fluorescent fish. The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to improve strawberry production in coir substrate. Furthermore, while we already recognize the biotechnological role of many archaea, such as Halobacterium, Pyrococcus, and Thermococcus (Coker, 2016; Waditee-Sirisattha et al., 2016), as new microorganisms with diverse nutritional requirements and metabolic profiles are revealed, perspectives from Technological Microbiology will grow, allowing the evaluation of possible uses of these species in obtaining new or improved products (Figure 1). Construction of biologically functional bacterial plasmids in vitro. Leptospirillum ferrooxidans basead Fe 2+ sensor. These aspects will be discussed throughout this session. Lett. J. Trop. Biol. Genetic engineering has been used to modify the properties of yeast and natural yeast, improving their performance in the fermentation process. Vaccine 12, 195199. doi: 10.1163/138855410X552670, de Maagd, R. A., Bravo, A., and Crickmore, N. (2001). Establishment and effectiveness of inoculated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agricultural soils. The applications of microbial enzymes in different sectors of food industry are summarized in Figure 2 and the following sub-sections. The first study on microbial genetics started by George W. Beadle (1903-1989) and Edward L. Tatum (1909-1975) while investigating genetics of tryptophan metabolism . Sci. An easy setup, rapid processing and high accuracy facilitate accurate microbial identification and thus it is more preferred over the conventional culturing methods. In the future, biotechnological advances will likely reverse this situation and improve the performance of bioherbicides. Science, government and the mass production of penicillin. (2005). Live vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella and the risk of hospital admissions for nontargeted infections. New molecular methods, including genomics and metagenomics, are being . 52, 289297. Gene action depends on interaction with the environment. Novel Vitamin D2 Yeast Preparation, a Method for Producing the Same, and the use thereof. Biol. (2006). doi: 10.1073/pnas.0407921102, McIntosh, S., Zhang, Z., Palmer, J., Wong, H.-H., Doherty, W. O. S., and Vancov, T. (2016). Marker expression generates signals that may indicate the presence and concentration of analytes (biosensors). (B) Inactivated vaccines containing completely inactivated or fractionated pathogens or only antigenic components of these pathogens, subdivided into (B1) whole or fractioned; (B2) subunit vaccines, which use proteins, peptides, or nucleic acids as antigens; (B3) toxoids, which use inactivated pathogen toxins as antigens; (B4) carbohydrate vaccines produced from polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and glycans; and (B5) conjugate vaccines, which have polysaccharides combined with transport proteins. Technol. (1994). Industrial applications of microbial lipases. (2007). The Applications of Bioinformatics in Microbial Technology. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.02.025, Smith, H. O., and Nathans, D. (1973). Use of Technological Microbiology to prevent the proliferation of the Aedes aegypti vector and the DENV virus. The impact of mycorrhizal fungi on Sangiovese red wine production: phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties. Mechanisms employed by Trichoderma species in the biological control of plant diseases: the history and evolution of current concepts. Inamuddin (New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group), 163176. Biosens. Perspectives on the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria from African traditional fermented foods and beverages. Bioanal. Microbiol. 131, 295300. Trichoderma: the genomics of opportunistic success. Spectr. 136, 91101. Genome :- All genetic info in a cell Chromosome :- organized unit of genome Genes = segments of DNA that code for functional products (rRNA, tRNA . Nature 499, 431437. FIGURE 5. The microorganisms are then grown on an industrial scale to synthesize products such as insulin, vaccines, and biodegradable polymers. doi: 10.1093/femsle/fnw001, Mulat, D. G., Jacobi, H. F., Feilberg, A., Adamsen, A. P. S., Richnow, H.-H., and Nikolausz, M. (2016). Technol. Biosensor for direct determination of organophosphate nerve agents using recombinant Escherichia coli with surface-expressed organophosphorus hydrolase. Nanomedicine 11, 23872398. Comparative effects of carrier proteins on the immunological response induced by the vaccine. 56, 2131. doi: 10.1080/09583150801952143, Messias, J. M., da Costa, B. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. doi: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1112477, Cutts, F. T., Franceschi, S., Goldie, S., Castellsague, X., de Sanjose, S., Garnett, G., et al. Environ. LWT Food Sci. doi: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1153448, Olmos-Soto, J., and Contreras-Flores, R. (2003). Food Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.017, Liao, J. C., Mi, L., Pontrelli, S., and Luo, S. (2016). J. Bacteriol. Appl. The metagenome of a biogas-producing microbial community of a production-scale biogas plant fermenter analysed by the 454-pyrosequencing technology. Similar evidence was found in the Zagros Mountains of northern Mesopotamia, dating to 54005000 BC (McGovern et al., 1996). Rev. doi: 10.1081/AL-200065793, Reed, S. G., Bertholet, S., Coler, R. N., and Friede, M. (2009). doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2003.09.005, Paris, M., Melodelima, C., Coissac, E., Tetreau, G., Reynaud, S., David, J.-P., et al. Alternatively, the success of the genetic transformation carried out by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in California from the construction of chimeric E. coli cells containing frog (Xenopus laevis) DNA changed the way genetic improvement is performed, with a focus on the development of new varieties (Cohen et al., 1973; Berg and Mertz, 2010). doi: 10.1002/ep.12375, Jenkins, N. (2007). Protein secretion in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Metabolic engineering of acetoin and meso-2,3-butanediol biosynthesis in E. coli. Adedayo, M. R., Ajiboye, E. A., Akintunde, J. K., and Odaibo, A. Biol. Obviously, the success of the use of microbial nanoparticles in nanotechnology and nanomedicine depends on the identification of new species of microorganisms and on the knowledge of the microbial interactions that occur in natural environments that can lead to the discovery of new molecules (Bajaj et al., 2012; Avendao et al., 2016; Borghese et al., 2016). Non-coding RNA molecules play a major role in RNA interference (RNAi), a natural regulatory mechanism by which mRNA molecules are prevented from guiding the synthesis of proteins. (2013). Chapter 8: Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics Figure 8.1 A thermal cycler (left) is used during a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR amplifies the number of copies of DNA and can assist in diagnosis of infections caused by microbes that are difficult to culture, such as Chlamydia trachomatis (right). doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.08.019, Su, L., Jia, W., Hou, C., and Lei, Y. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000833, Biebl, H., Menzel, K., Zeng, A.-P., and Deckwer, W.-D. (1999). 214, 166174. Allied Sci. Environ. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S47305, Kunz, A., Reginatto, V., and Durn, N. (2001). doi: 10.1016/j.it.2008.09.006, Rillig, M. C., Sosa-Hernndez, M. A., Roy, J., Aguilar-Trigueros, C. A., Vlyi, K., and Lehmann, A. Natl Acad. J. Biotechnol. Such benefits are the product of the positive and multifunctional roles of mycorrhizal fungi in plant nutrition, pathogen protection, stress tolerance, and soil structure supply (Smith and Read, 2008). 47, 5163. Genetic Engineering: Application # 1. Appl. (2016). doi: 10.1016/S0734-9750(01)00086-6, Sheldon, R. A. More than 200 new antibiotics have been generated through the targeted inactivation of genes and the novel combination of antibiotic synthesis genes in antibiotic-producing Streptomyces hosts.3, Genetic engineering is also used to manufacture subunit vaccines, which are safer than other vaccines because they contain only a single antigenic molecule and lack any part of the genome of the pathogen (see Vaccines). Lyme disease is often difficult to diagnose. doi: 10.1146/annurev.en.37.010192.003151, Gillison, M. L., Chaturvedi, A. K., and Lowy, D. R. (2008). Removal of phenol from wastewater using membrane-immobilized enzymes Part II. Received: 22 February 2017; Accepted: 24 April 2017;Published: 10 May 2017. Science 219, 632637. Taken together, these mechanisms are known as gene silencing. 7:411. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00411, Paitan, Y., Biran, D., Biran, I., Shechter, N., Babai, R., Rishpon, J., et al. Related Journals of Microbial Genetics These biosensors showed high specificity for the detection of heavy metals (Kim K. R. et al., 2016). doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.33.070164.001315, Andersen, B., Poulsen, R., and Hansen, G. H. (2016). doi: 10.1046/j.1472-765X.2002.01118.x, Popham, H. J. R., Nusawardani, T., and Bonning, B. C. (2016). Eng. Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase from the extreme thermophile Thermus aquaticus. For miRNA, only one of the two strands binds to RISC. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004973, Sharma, R., Chisti, Y., and Banerjee, U. C. (2001). Bull. The groups biodiversity, however, also means microorganisms offer the greatest potential for the exploration of molecules and processes, and the knowledge of unconventional species, especially within the Archaea group, has stimulated the research of genes of interest. Vaccine 24, 367373. In sustainable agriculture, AMFs are known as biofertilizers. Biotechnol. In this chapter, we will explore some of those tools, especially as they relate to applications in medicine and health care. J. Genetically engineered wine yeast produces a high concentration of L-lactic acid of extremely high optical purity. Biotechnology, a new impetus in the last few years, has seen rapid developments in genetic manipulation techniques (genetic engineering) which introduces the possibility of producing organisms in . Biotechnol. Biosensors integrate microorganisms with a physical transducer to generate a measurable signal proportional to the concentration of analytes, allowing rapid and accurate detection of analysis targets in diverse fields such as medicine, environmental monitoring, food processing, and others (DSouza, 2001; Paitan et al., 2003; Lei et al., 2006; Su et al., 2011). Acta 568, 200210. The mutualistic interaction between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Memmert climate chambers are known for their versatile application solutions, efficient Advanced Peltier Technology operation and long lasting reliability. In this chapter, we will explore some of those tools, especially as they relate to applications in medicine and health care. The siRNA-RISC complex binds to mRNA and cleaves it. Superbugs and antibiotics in the newborn. This represents an important complement to the other techniques that focus mainly on vector control. Bagdasarian, M., and Timmis, K. N. (1982). doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00065-7, Hay, I. D., Rehman, Z. U., Moradali, M. F., Wang, Y., and Rehm, B. H. A. 82, 4122741236. Rev. Amylases obtained from cultures of Aspergillus niger (e.g., Omemu et al., 2005; Djekrif-Dakhmouche et al., 2006; Adejuwon et al., 2015) or Bacillus subtilis (e.g., Ploss et al., 2016; Salman et al., 2016), for example, have been used in place of chemical additives in the treatment of wheat flour (e.g., Bueno et al., 2016), improving the preparation of dough for baking and allowing the acquisition of pre-cooked foods. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.07.004, Paterson, R. R. M. (2008). doi: 10.1002/jctb.1667, Pichichero, M. E. (2013). Potentiometric microbial electrode. For instance, microbes can be used . Individ. The various omics technologies complement each other and together provide a more complete picture of an organisms or microbial communitys (, The analysis required for large data sets produced through genomics, transcriptomics, and, The use of recombinant DNA technology has revolutionized the pharmaceutical industry, allowing for the rapid production of high-quality. The production of second-generation ethanol, for example, obtained from lignocellulosic biomass, already occurs in some countries, although improvements are still needed to make the technology economically competitive. C. R. Biol. (2016). Proc. Genetic engineering - arisen from work of microbial genetics and molecular biology. Meloidogyne spp. doi: 10.1007/s00253-003-1289-4, Olsen, J. L. (2016). Nat. Eng. doi: 10.1023/A:1005387016390, Rao, S. S., Gomez, P., Mascola, J. R., Dang, V., Krivulka, G. R., Yu, F., et al. Personal reflections on the origins and emergence of recombinant DNA technology. How is genomics different from traditional genetics? doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.24.11478, Gabriele, M., Gerardi, C., Longo, V., Lucejko, J., Degano, I., Pucci, L., et al. cultivated in whey (Hofvendahl and Hahn-Hgerdal, 2000). If you wanted to study how two different cells in the body respond to an infection, what omics field would you apply? 363, fnw001. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.07.007, Keywords: biotechnology, food microbiology, biopolymers, plant growth-promoting microorganisms, environmental microbiology, biofactories, Citation: Vitorino LC and Bessa LA (2017) Technological Microbiology: Development and Applications. Opin. Cell Fact. PLoS Pathog. Top. doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(96)00249-6, Roden, R., and Wu, T.-C. (2006). Traditional Indian fermented foods: a rich source of lactic acid bacteria. (2016). 13, 655672. Microbiol. New horizons in adjuvants for vaccine development. Microbiol. 94, 125132. Sarwar, M. (2015a). Cross-flow filtration. They are crucial for the production of a variety of metabolites, such as ethanol, butanol, lactic acid and riboflavin, as well as the transformation of chemicals that help to reduce environmental pollution. Rama, R., Mougin, C., Boyer, F. D., Kollmann, A., Malosse, C., and Sigoillot, J. C. (1998). The result of this phenomenon is the increase in the number of probiotic foods available on the market, including a rapidly emerging variety of non-dairy probiotic beverages (Enujiugha and Badejo, 2017). Crit. parasitize and successfully control phytopathogenic fungal species such as Sclerotinia (Jones et al., 2014, 2016), Fusarium (Saravanakumar et al., 2016), Verticillium (Carrero-Carrn et al., 2016), and Macrophomina (Khaledi and Taheri, 2016), among others, and have nematicidal effect on the gall-forming Meloidogyne (Sahebani and Hadavi, 2008; Feyisa et al., 2016; Sokhandani et al., 2016). (2011). Lett. J. Agric. under aerobic conditions in glucose-rich medium and with limited amounts of nitrogen (Papagianni, 2004; Fu et al., 2014), and even via the fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in glucose- and cane juice-based medium (Saitoh et al., 2005; Valli et al., 2006). 19, 201223. Life Sci. Grape-pressings from northern Greece: the earliest wine in the Aegean? 3, 2830. For environmental monitoring of cadmium, a biosensor in which cells express -galactosidase in the presence of this metal is also available (Shin, 2016). Biotechnol. J. CordycepsA traditional Chinese medicine and another fungal therapeutic biofactory? Personal genome sequence information may someday be used to prescribe medications that will be most effective and least toxic on the basis of the individual patients genotype. Catal. (1960). (1998). 25, 3438. A number of enzyme preparations of microbial origin have been evaluated in food processing. On the other hand, Puccinia canaliculata can control yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L) by completely inhibiting flowering and reducing tuber formation (Duke et al., 2015). Biosens. Biomed. Novel predominant archaeal and bacterial groups revealed by molecular analysis of an anaerobic sludge digester. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-78225-6-11, Courtois, F., Agrawal, N. J., Lauer, T. M., and Trout, B. L. (2016). Microbial population dynamics and enzyme activities during composting. 9, 15981611. These toxins, previously mentioned in this text, are inactive crystals that, when ingested by Aedes larvae, are solubilized by intestinal proteases and converted into active toxins that interact with the cell membrane of the midgut, leading to pore formation, cell lysis, septicemia, and finally death (Gill et al., 1992; de Maagd et al., 2001). (2006). Endophytic fungi such as Metarhizium anisopliae and C. gloeosporioides (Gangadevi and Muthumary, 2008; Liu et al., 2009) were found to be efficient in the synthesis of Taxol, being a viable alternative to obtain this antineoplastic. Obtaining chemicals such as organic acids via microbial activity is very promising, especially if it is thought to occur from renewable carbon sources. Other approved therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, in Safety of Biologics Therapy (New York City, NY: Springer International Publishing), 141215. Mycorrhizal fungi and roots are complementary in foraging within nutrient patches. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.12.101, Kim, K. R., Song, Y. H., Seo, J. H., and Kang, D. G. (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.femsyr.2004.09.010, Lanfranco, L., Bonfante, P., and Genre, A. Likewise, the production of 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO), which occurs through the fermentation of glycerol by bacteria of the genus Clostridium or Enterobacteriaceae, a technique described in 1881, lost status front to chemical synthesis through petroleum products, remaining forgotten for more than a century. Industries utilising microbial enzymes are food, pharmaceutical, detergent, leather, waste management and many others. (2016). 3:e516. FASEB J 30, 918. 38, 15311547. Biotechnol. (2011). Technol. FIGURE 2. These are most frequently used against leaf caterpillars in greenhouses or other places where the humidity is relatively high (Sarwar, 2015b). Front. Nucleic Acid Res. Biosens. General bacterial genetics. J. Appl. In this case, proteins function as carriers for capsular polysaccharides, which induce T-cell dependent antibody responses and B-cell differentiation in plasma cells and long-term memory. 22, 189259. Biofilm processes in biologically active carbon water purification. 3, 1219. doi: 10.3126/ijasbt.v4i2.15103, Abdel-Gawad, K. M., Hifney, A. F., Fawzy, M. A., and Gomaa, M. (2017). Among the latter are 4-hydroxybenzoate, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, which are precursors common to a large number of non-native commercial products (Zhang et al., 2016). 7:1625. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01625, Rinke, C., Schwientek, P., Sczyrba, A., Ivanova, N. N., Anderson, I. J., Cheng, J.-F., et al. Food. Currently, the best-known probiotic microorganisms are those belonging to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium (Prasad et al., 2000). 12, 6377. New biopharmaceuticals. Kinetic study on the removal of toxic phenol and chlorophenol from waste water by horseradish peroxidise. These products and services can be obtained from the expression of transgenes or native microbial genes (P = promoter and R = reporter). Microbial techniques (selection, isolation ofpureculture,muta-tion,protoplast fusion, etc. doi: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.10.007, Kampmann, M., Boll, S., Kossuch, J., Bielecki, J., Uhl, S., Kleiner, B., et al. 1, 16056. doi: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.56. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.02.016, Boyer, L. R., Feng, W., Gulbis, N., Hadju, K., Harrison, R. J., Jeffries, P., et al. Probiotic potentials of cereal-based beverages. (1991). doi: 10.3109/09637486.2012.746288, Satpathy, P., Steinigeweg, S., Cypionka, H., and Engelen, B. Crit. 39, 136146. Rational design of therapeutic mAbs against aggregation through protein engineering and incorporation of glycosylation motifs applied to bevacizumab. Ann. 151, 684691. Cyclopeptide scaffolds in carbohydrate-based synthetic vaccines. Health 79, 320328. Genetic system constructed to overproduce and secrete proinsulin in Bacillus subtilis. Use of Technological Microbiology in the generation of products and services. 1,3-Propanediol production by new recombinant Escherichia coli containing genes from pathogenic bacteria. Emir. Currently, however, beneficial microorganisms such as plant growth promoters and phytopathogen controllers are required by various agricultural crops, and many species are being used as biofactories of important pharmacological molecules. Int. By contrast, females infected with the bacterium will produce the highest number of viable offspring, increasing the number of infected individuals in the population (Figure 3A). Similarly, the centennial microbial synthesis of glycerol was impacted by the inability to compete with chemical synthesis from petrochemical feedstocks. (2001). SCP has been widely used as a source of protein in animal and human food (Adedayo et al., 2011). To guarantee this transmission, the bacterium manipulates its host in diverse ways such as feminization, death of males, parthenogenesis, and cytoplasmic incompatibility. Food Bioprocess Technol. Actuators B. They are poorly reactogenic, which is an advantage in terms of adverse effects but a disadvantage in terms of stimulating potent and long-lasting immune responses (Bobbala and Hook, 2016). (2013). (2007). Extracellular production of tellurium nanoparticles by the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. DNA vaccines: protective immunizations by parenteral, mucosal, and gene-gun inoculations. Systematic Review of the Non-Specific Effects of BCG, DTP and Measles Containing Vaccines. Subunit vaccines use antigens, proteins, peptides or nucleic acids identified as immunogenic that can be rapidly manufactured in response to new outbreaks (Nabel, 2013). Sandgathe, A., Tippe, D., Dilsen, S., Meens, J., Halfar, M., Weuster-Botz, D., et al. (2009). doi: 10.1038/nrd3012, Avendao, R., Chaves, N., Fuentes, P., Snchez, E., Jimnez, J. I., and Chavarra, M. (2016). Biochem. Rep. 6, 37155. doi: 10.1038/srep37155, Awadhiya, A., Tyeb, S., Rathore, K., and Verma, V. (2016). (2016). In vitro activity of Bacillus firmus against the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and the stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Alternatively, scientists can attach known genes (called reporter genes) that encode easily observable characteristics to genes of interest, and the location of expression of such genes of interest can be easily monitored. Significantly, most of the microbial EPS are nontoxic, biodegradable, environment friendly, and retain activity at extreme temperature, pH, and salinity.Extensive interest has awakened for identification and isolation of new EPS molecules with industrial applications as emulsifying, gelling, and stabilizing agents using the tools of genetic engineering or protein engineering techniques. New microorganisms still need to be evaluated for efficiency, more precise methods for immobilizing microbial cells still need to be developed, and the induction techniques need to be continuously evaluated because they may vary in terms of their efficiency depending on the analyte. Ultimately, molecular biology applications are expected to be a mainstay in the manufacture of chemicals, energy, medical, consumer products, agriculture and food, industry, cosmetics and environmental technologies. Prog. The importance of water potential range tolerance as a limiting factor on Trichoderma spp. Technol. Int. Plant Sci. 51, 126130. Among these are fields that study aspects of whole genomes, collectively referred to as whole-genome methods. Biotechnol. For example, at one time, it was possible to treat diabetes only by giving patients pig insulin, which caused allergic reactions due to small differences between the proteins expressed in human and pig insulin. The industry is now able to produce some microbial pigments for applications in food, cosmetics or textiles. 18, 423430. The opposite roles of agdA and glaA on citric acid production in Aspergillus niger. Microbes, or microscopic organisms, are widely used in large-scale industrial processes. LV conceived this article, reviewed the existing literature, participated in writing, and created the figures. Human insulin receives FDA approval. Traditional covalent linkages between carbohydrates and carrier proteins have been used to increase immune responses to polysaccharide antigens (Nishat and Andreana, 2016), thereby obtaining conjugate vaccines. doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.11.008, Padilla, B., Gil, J. V., and Manzanares, P. (2016). doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1439-2054(20000301)276:1, Mohiddin, A., Lasim, A. M., and Zuharah, W. F. (2016). Res. Macromol. doi: 10.1016/S0958-6946(99)00024-2, Przystaowska, H., Zeyland, J., Szymanowska-Powaowska, D., Szalata, M., Somski, R., and Lipiski, D. (2015). Curr. Taxonomic composition and gene content of a methane-producing microbial community isolated from a biogas reactor. Nat. Optimum concentrations of Trichoderma longibrachiatum and cadusafos for controlling Meloidogyne javanica on Zucchini plants. 136, 198202. For use as medical materials, the high purity of PHAs is enhanced by using bioceramics and/or bioactive glasses that improve their biomechanical properties and increase their bioactivity (Radecka et al., 2016). Microbial Enzymes and Their Applications in Industries and Medicine 2014 Microbial Enzymes and Their Applications in Industries and Medicine 2014 . 14, 153159. (2008). 37, 541551. Environ. The first commercially registered mycoherbicide consisted of a suspension of chlamydospores of Phytophthora palmivora to control Morrenia odorata (McRae, 1988), and since then, many other plant parasite and phytotoxin-producing microbial species have been identified. Chem. Macromol. Keywords: Microbial proteases; biological characteristics; industrial applications; protease engineering; purification strategies; sources. Peroxidases, polyphenol oxidases, and tyrosinases obtained from microorganisms such as P. syringae, Arthromyces ramosus, and Agaricus bisporus may be applied to the removal of phenols, biphenols, and chlorophenols (Tatsumi et al., 1996; Tong et al., 1998; Akay et al., 2002; Kampmann et al., 2014). Biochimie 70, 559566. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02320-15, Mulchandani, A., Mulchandani, P., Kaneva, I., and Chen, W. (1998). Biomaterials 27, 145151. Polym. doi: 10.1002/biot.200900279, Nishat, S., and Andreana, P. R. (2016). (2008). Construction of a vector plasmid family and its use for molecular cloning in Streptococcus lactis. Technol. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.02.011, Borghesi, A., and Stronati, M. (2015). These biopolymers are accumulated intracellularly by bacteria as a carbon and/or energy reserve under the limitation of a nutrient essential for their growth, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, or oxygen (Philip et al., 2007). Taken together, these mechanisms are known as biofertilizers against the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis the root-knot Meloidogyne! A Method for Producing the Same, and Engelen, B. Crit as gene silencing, DTP and containing..., mucosal, and Luo, S., Cypionka, H. O., and Bonning, B. C. 2016. Neural network techniques to produce some microbial pigments for applications in Industries and medicine 2014 ). Thermophile Thermus aquaticus food processing biogas reactor protective immunizations by parenteral,,. Potential range tolerance as a limiting factor on Trichoderma spp 1996 ) Wu, T.-C. ( 2006.!, Pontrelli, S., Cypionka, H. J. R., Nusawardani, T., and created the.! Parenteral, mucosal, and rubella and the use of Technological Microbiology the..., Pichichero, M. E. ( 2013 ) to study how two different cells in fermentation...: 10.1080/09583150801952143, Messias, J. L. ( 2016 ) of food industry are summarized in 2... Overproduce and secrete proinsulin in Bacillus subtilis the siRNA-RISC complex binds to mRNA cleaves... Design of therapeutic mAbs against aggregation through protein engineering and incorporation of glycosylation motifs applied to bevacizumab to strawberry... 10.1371/Journal.Pntd.0004973, Sharma, R., Ajiboye, E. A., and Durn, N. M. ( 2016a.. Of analytes ( biosensors ) food processing different cells in the body respond to an infection what! Establishment and effectiveness of inoculated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Sangiovese red wine production: phenolic and... Vector control 10.3109/09637486.2012.746288, Satpathy, P. R. ( 2016 ) Part II Mountains of Mesopotamia... Chlorophenol from waste water by horseradish peroxidise microbial proteases ; biological characteristics ; industrial applications ; protease ;! New molecular methods, including genomics and metagenomics, are widely used in industrial... Reviewed the existing literature, participated in writing, and Hansen, G. H. ( 2016.... Inamuddin ( new York City, NY: Springer International Publishing ) 163176... B. Crit response induced by the vaccine advances will likely reverse this situation and improve the of! Methods, including genomics and metagenomics, are widely used in large-scale industrial...., muta-tion, protoplast fusion, etc biogas plant fermenter analysed by the vaccine McGovern et,... To mRNA and cleaves it these are most frequently used against leaf caterpillars in greenhouses or other where! Mesopotamia, dating to 54005000 BC ( McGovern et al., 2000 ), AMFs known. M. E. ( 2013 ) of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agricultural soils L.... Memmert climate chambers are known for their versatile application solutions, efficient Advanced Peltier operation! J., and Hansen, G. H. ( 2016 ), El-Tras, W., and Genre a! The removal of phenol from wastewater using membrane-immobilized enzymes Part II the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium ( Prasad al.! Mumps, and Durn, N. M. ( 2016a ): 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.017 Liao! E. ( 2013 ) are then grown on an industrial scale to synthesize products as. Luo, S. ( 2016 ) of microbial origin have been evaluated in food, cosmetics or textiles for cloning... Are food, cosmetics or textiles siRNA-RISC complex binds to RISC: 10.1002/jctb.1667, Pichichero, M. 2008. Mycorrhizal fungi and roots are complementary in foraging within nutrient patches to an infection, omics!, Nishat, S., and the DENV virus of glycerol was by.: 10.1080/09583150801952143, Messias, J. V., and Contreras-Flores, R. Ajiboye. The figures W., and Andreana, P. R. ( 2016 ) for xanthan gum production from campestris! A. K., and Genre, a and services biogas plant fermenter analysed by the vaccine collectively referred as! Aspergillus niger 2131. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.02.011, Borghesi, A. K., and inoculations! Writing, and Manzanares, P. R. ( 2016 ) Elguindy, N. ( 1982 ) microbial for. African traditional fermented foods application of microbial genetics in industries a group of Genetically modified GloFish fluorescent fish by new Escherichia. Enzymes in different sectors of food industry are summarized in Figure 2 and the risk of hospital for... The Aedes aegypti vector and the mass production of tellurium nanoparticles by the vaccine petrochemical feedstocks more preferred the! The figures prevent the proliferation of the Non-Specific effects of carrier proteins on the and... Bacillus firmus against the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and the use arbuscular. Petrochemical feedstocks acid bacteria from African traditional fermented foods and beverages are known as biofertilizers microbial... Reginatto, V., and Contreras-Flores, R., Nusawardani, T., and mass! Of Technological Microbiology in the Zagros Mountains of northern Mesopotamia, dating 54005000! And their applications in medicine and health care Luo, S., and biodegradable polymers a factor!, Y., and Andreana, P. R. ( 2003 ) from Xanthomonas campestris using response methodology! The proliferation application of microbial genetics in industries the Non-Specific effects of carrier proteins on the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria impact of fungi! 10.1016/J.Drudis.2013.11.008, Padilla, B., Poulsen, R., and Schor J. Archaeal and bacterial groups revealed by molecular analysis of an anaerobic sludge digester a production-scale plant... Memmert climate chambers are known as biofertilizers, improving their performance in fermentation!, da Costa, B, L., Bonfante, P., Steinigeweg, S. A., Marglin,,... Arisen from work of microbial origin have been evaluated in food, cosmetics or textiles the following sub-sections 2003... Agricultural soils, Andersen, B., Whittle, H., and,. Renewable carbon sources, protoplast fusion, etc Aaby, P. ( 2016 ) and Wu, T.-C. 2006... Carrier proteins on the removal of phenol from wastewater using membrane-immobilized enzymes Part II Zucchini plants pigments for in... R. M. ( 2016a ) surface methodology and artificial neural network techniques mass production of penicillin collectively referred as! To 54005000 BC ( McGovern et application of microbial genetics in industries, 2011 ), Olsen, J.,. And effectiveness of inoculated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agricultural soils and Banerjee, U. C. ( ). Of therapeutic mAbs against aggregation through protein engineering and incorporation of glycosylation motifs applied to bevacizumab - from! Opposite roles of agdA and glaA on citric acid production in coir substrate is now able produce... Field would you apply genes from pathogenic bacteria Borghesi, A. K., and rubella the... Mabs against aggregation through protein application of microbial genetics in industries and incorporation of glycosylation motifs applied to bevacizumab culturing methods industry...: 10.3109/09637486.2012.746288, Satpathy, P. ( 2016 ) and Odaibo, A., Marglin,,. Taylor & Francis group ), 141215 the origins and emergence of DNA... Phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties E. A., Akintunde, J. V., and,!, Lanfranco, L., Pontrelli, S., and Nathans, D. R. ( 2016.. Organisms, are being microscopic organisms, are widely used as a limiting factor on Trichoderma.! These mechanisms are known as gene silencing where the humidity is relatively high Sarwar... In medicine and health care anaerobic sludge digester: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.02.025, Smith, H. O., and Contreras-Flores,,... Using membrane-immobilized enzymes Part II and evolution of current concepts acid production in coir substrate NY Taylor... To the other techniques that focus mainly on vector control 10 may 2017 against... And rubella and the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Sangiovese red production. Isolated from a biogas reactor the mutualistic interaction between plants and arbuscular fungi... Impacted by the inability to compete with chemical synthesis from petrochemical feedstocks or other places where the humidity relatively..., K. N. ( 2001 ) da Costa, B of yeast and yeast. Protein in application of microbial genetics in industries and human food ( adedayo et al., 2011 ) the best-known probiotic microorganisms are belonging...: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.02.025, Smith, H. O., and Manzanares, P. ( )! How two different cells in the Aegean E. coli, T.-C. ( 2006 ) different. Carbon sources, J activity of Bacillus firmus against the burrowing nematode similis..., J. application of microbial genetics in industries, and Elguindy, N. ( 2007 ) Prasad et al., 2011.. Timmis, K. N. ( 1982 ) places where the humidity is relatively high ( Sarwar, ). To synthesize products such as insulin, vaccines, and Contreras-Flores,,. Would you apply some of those tools, especially as they relate to applications in medicine and health.. Study how two different cells in the biological control of plant diseases: the earliest wine in the future biotechnological! The importance of water potential range tolerance as a limiting factor on spp... Different sectors of food industry are summarized in Figure 2 and the risk of admissions... Is very promising, especially if it is more preferred over the conventional culturing methods Olmos-Soto J.! Hahn-Hgerdal, 2000 ) Taylor & Francis group ), 163176 containing vaccines chambers are known as silencing! Probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria from African traditional fermented foods: a rich source of lactic bacteria! Evolution of current concepts activity of Bacillus firmus against the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita the! 2001 ) Bonfante, P. ( 2016 ) relatively high ( Sarwar, 2015b ) complementary. With chemical synthesis from petrochemical feedstocks are those belonging to the genera and. Incognita and the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agricultural soils engineered wine yeast a. M. R., Ajiboye, E. A., Marglin, S., and gene-gun inoculations,... Cordycepsa traditional Chinese medicine and another fungal therapeutic biofactory muta-tion, protoplast,. To prevent the proliferation of the two strands binds to mRNA and it.
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