PLoS Negl Trop Dis. Furthermore, these T cells may cause liver cell damage by direct cytolytic and/or cytokine-mediated effects [56]. found that SARS-CoV-2 has 82% nucleotide similarity with SARS-CoV-1 [67]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 25]; Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7144614/. The nucleocapsid (N) protein is located in the endoplasmic reticulum region and bound to nucleic acid material of the virus. Spike (S) proteins of SARS‐CoV and SARS‐CoV‐2 are binding with the receptor‐binding domain (RBD) to the enzymatic domain of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the host cell surface. For example, ADE can play a role in individuals with immunity and NAbs against strain A if the next infection is by RBD mutated strain B. Antistrain A NAbs may not neutralize strain B, or antibody titers are too low for sufficient neutralization, or NAbs have efficient neutralizing capabilities, but cell entry occurs via FcγRII into APCs or B cells (43) (see Fig. One cohort study from China showed that 38 of 55 (76%) dengue fever patients had leukopenia [93]. Growth curves of DENV in vitro with peripheral blood leukocytes from non‐immunized and immunized animals indicated that preexisting antibodies play a role in ADE (16). While the probability of SARS‐CoV or MERS‐CoV recovered for a second infection was extremely low because of low prevalence of SARS‐CoV with roughly 8,000 cases worldwide (1, 40) and MERS‐CoV with ~2,000 cases, such a possibility is real in the case of SARS‐CoV‐2. New studies show that all recovered SARS‐CoV‐2 patients (n = 29) presented IgG/IgM response to spike protein S1 and the titer of S1 specific IgG increases with age (46, 47). The phenomenon, in which preexisting non‐neutralizing antibodies lead to enhanced infection, is termed ADE. Quantitative flow cytometry assays for primary cells and cell culture experiments for testing mechanisms of antisera, NAbs and virus attachment and entry have been already applied for different coronaviruses (32, 41, 47). Blood. Solomon CG, editor. From 73 hospitalized patients, 39 patients (53.42%), consisting of 25 male and 14 female patients, tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in their stools [40]. Coronavirus Disease of 2019: a Mimicker of Dengue Infection?. Furthermore, increased platelet consumption is thought to be caused by platelet aggregation and microthrombi formation due to viral infection [66]. Itha S, Kashyap R, Krishnani N, Saraswat VA, Choudhuri G, Aggarwal R. Profile of liver involvement in dengue virus infection. Symptoms include a high fever, headaches, joint and muscle pain, vomiting, and a rash. Chen Y, Maguire T, Marks RM. Pongpirul WA, Mott JA, Woodring JV, Uyeki TM, MacArthur JR, Vachiraphan A, et al. Dengue [outbreak] Risk of Dengue is present throughout the Philippines with the most cases in Negros Occidental province followed by Iloilo province, Aklan province, Antique province, Capiz province, Iloilo City, Bacolod City, and Guimaras. SARS-associated viral hepatitis caused by a novel coronavirus: report of three cases. 2019 [cited 2020 May 8];11. 1999;30:1106–10. On the third day of hospitalization, a maculopapular rash appeared on the trunk and face and spread to extremities over 2 days. Yet unconfirmed studies (44, 45) performed early this year reported isolation of various SARS‐CoV‐2 strains from patients with mutations in the RBD. CAS  Trung DT, Thao LTT, Hien TT, Hung NT, Vinh NN, Hien PTD, et al. It is the fastest spreading vector-borne viral disease and is now endemic in over 100 countries, resulting in 40% of the world’s population living in an area at risk for dengue. Furthermore, hypoxemia in asymptomatic patients and dyspnea are attributed to the aforementioned processes by causing alveolar exudation [87]. 1995;15:335–9. Wong M, Shen E. The utility of liver function tests in dengue. Fever was also absent in this patient, but after few days, the disease progressed and manifested as respiratory distress, then the patient was referred to the tertiary hospital, in which he was subsequently diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection and was confirmed by a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) [62]. In an observational cohort study from China, 260 out of 560 (46.4%) COVID-19 patients showed increased levels of D-Dimer (DD). La Russa VF, Innis BL. Some of these mutations apparently have increased RBD‐binding affinities. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Oxford Academic. Cell. Leisman DE, Deutschman CS, Legrand M. Facing COVID-19 in the ICU: vascular dysfunction, thrombosis, and dysregulated inflammation. Characteristics of lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in peripheral blood of 123 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP). Li B, Feng F, Yang G, Liu A, Yang N, Jiang Q, et al. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. The human HL‐CZ promyelotic cell line, co‐expressing ACE2 and FcγRII, was effectively infected by SARS‐CoV. Zhao M. Cytokine storm and immunomodulatory therapy in COVID-19: role of chloroquine and anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibodies. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 25]. According to a prospective study among 41 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, more than half of patients (55%) developed dyspnea with the median time of 8 days (5–13 days), and 29% of patients developed ARDS with the median time of 9 days (8–14 days) since the onset of the illness. COVID-19 vaccine: A recent update in pipeline vaccines, their design and development strategies. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Some authors also speculated on the possibility that ADE was induced by SARS‐CoV‐2 in SARS‐CoV convalescent individuals (1, 28), although this view is not unanimously accepted (29), and antisera as well as monoclonal NAbs isolated from eight SARS‐CoV‐2 patients did not bind to SARS‐CoV or MERS‐CoV RBD (47). Ciao scusate stavo leggendo recensioni sul Ranveli e ho visto che ci sono almeno 2 recensioni recenti che descrivono casi di febbre da dengue dopo viaggio alle Maldive volevo sapere i pareri degli esperti ( io sono stato alle Maldive 2 volte Oxford Academic; 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 25];7. Basically, after inoculation by the mosquito, local dendritic cells and macrophages are infected, followed by virus entry into the bloodstream and infection of other blood cells. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Another cohort study from Singapore had shown that 1579 of 1921 (82.2%) dengue patients had some form of leukopenia [94]. Diarrhea as a part of clinical manifestation of COVID-19 presents variably. The NAb‐Fc receptor complex would mimic the cell surface virus receptor and promote virus entry pathways into IgG Fc receptor‐expressing cells (30). Guan et al. If you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered, Other cytokines that recently were found to contribute in COVID-19 are IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-2R, IL-6, IL-8 (CXCL8), IL-17, interferon (IFN)-γ, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) [18,19,20,21]. Walls AC, Park Y-J, Tortorici MA, Wall A, AT MG, Veesler D. Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Funahara Y, Ogawa K, Fujita N, Okuno Y. Hum Pathol. 1969;18:954–71. In COVID-19, headache is an uncommon clinical presentation. In contrast, in dengue fever, the most common cutaneous findings are skin flushing that blanches on pressure, petechiae, and convalescent rash described as “land of white in the sea of red” due to island of normal skin interspersed between generalized confluent petechial rash [8, 64]. An elevated plasma level of D-dimer also constitutes a significant independent biomarker of poor prognosis [86]. 2020;bjh.16749. 2020;105954. These alterations in levels of cytokines and molecules of antiviral response play a role in DENV‐enhanced illness triggered by ADE. Due to this diagnosis, the nurse does not wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) for COVID-19. PubMed  First, SARS-CoV-2 may cause direct injury because ACE2, which are crucial for viral entry, is expressed on the surface of lymphocyte [88]. 2014;90:984–7. Egypt J Chest Dis Tuberc. As opposed to the SARS-CoV-2 which directly infects type II pneumocyte cells, the pathomechanism of pulmonary dysfunction and respiratory distress syndrome in dengue infection is due to the presence of dengue virus antigen in alveolar lining cells of the lung, which responsible for the increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane, resulting in alveoli and interstitial spaces edema [39]. Wrapp and co‐workers (25) conclude from results using biolayer interferometry that vaccines or neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) developed against SARS‐CoV may not be appropriate for SARS‐CoV‐2. In line with such mechanism, cell entry of SARS‐CoV spike‐pseudo‐typed lentiviral particles was facilitated in cell lines expressing FcγRII, but not ACE2, in the presence of anti‐spike antisera from mice immunized with inactivated SARS‐CoV or S‐protein (31). The differential diagnosis is to be kept broad enough and always include COVID-19 when someone comes into the ED with a chief complaint of fever. propose that the mechanism of liver injury due to SARS-CoV-2 infection other than excessive inflammatory response is due to compensatory proliferation of hepatocytes derived from bile duct epithelial cells, which culminates in upregulation of ACE2 receptor [48]. ADE development should also be considered as possible adverse effects of hyperimmune globulin therapy and vaccine development. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/ofid/article/7/3/ofaa102/5810740. Such studies have already started and are urgently needed for a deeper understanding of the underlying immune responses and early identification of patients with severe disease course, following up therapeutic interventions. Although the complete understanding of COVID-19 pathophysiology is still being unraveled every day, here we briefly explain from the current literature. Elsevier; 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 25];0. 2007;195:1007–13. Sorte que um amigo viu e prontamente salvou lhe a vida! The second pathomechanism is decreased production of platelets. and expanded. Meanwhile, two pathomechanisms are responsible for thrombocytopenia in dengue infection. Int. Commonly, DHF and DSS occur in this context, presenting more severe forms of symptoms, such as fever, thrombocytopenia, hemorrhagic manifestations, and hypovolemia (7). Lee LK, Gan VC, Lee VJ, Tan AS, Leo YS, Lye DC. The new SARS‐CoV‐2 coronavirus pandemic has actually over 6.3 million confirmed cases and an uncertain but presumably much higher dark figure resulting from symptom free course or lack of analysis due to limited resources or reagents. Limonta D, Capó V, Torres G, Pérez AB, Guzmán MG. Apoptosis in tissues from fatal dengue shock syndrome. A possible mechanism for viral entry based on the ADE mechanism has been postulated (30). Compared to SARS-CoV-2, the dengue virus does not have spike protein but has three main structural protein genes, including nucleocapsid (N) or core protein, membrane (M) glycoprotein, and envelope (E) protein [8]. 1995;213:254–7. For both, fatalities substantially increase in adults >65 years of age (at least during the primary infection), and for most infected the disease course is asymptomatic or displays only mild symptoms so that the number of infected is generally underestimated. 2005;18:127–30. Such data also suggest ADE in secondary DENV infections (17). and you may need to create a new Wiley Online Library account. In comparison, patients with severe COVID-19 had a higher prevalence of increases in AST and ALT levels (39.4 and 28.1%) than patients with the non-severe disease (18.2 and 19.8%) [7, 15]. Effect of convalescent blood products for patients with severe acute respiratory infections of viral etiology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The authors also show elevated titer of IgG NAbs in deceased SARS‐CoV patients compared to recovered patients. Na Covid-19, perdeu temporariamente o paladar e o olfato. These non‐neutralizing preexisting antibodies can be obtained from previous infection, maternal passive immunity, or vaccination. 2007;40:50–4. 1998;92:654–6. All authors approved the final manuscript. Srichaikul T, Nimmannitya S, Sripaisarn T, Kamolsilpa M, Pulgate C. Platelet function during the acute phase of dengue hemorrhagic fever. This interpretation conflicts with experimental results from Ou et al. You can get it if an infected mosquito bites you. N Engl J Med. By in vitro study, Funahara et al. The study of Duan and co‐workers (49) needs to be extended by robust clinical data from double‐blinded studies with control treatments for confirming or not the safety of transfer of convalescent plasma obtained from recovered patients. PubMed  Moreover, lymphopenia was more common in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU); 11 from 13 patients (85%), compared to non ICU care; 15 from 28 patients (54%) [30]. It is impossible to say at this point what percentage of the human population will finally have encountered a virus, but it will be a substantial proportion. The full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties. However, the evidence for distinct types or strains in the present stage of evolution of SARS‐CoV‐2, which could account for differences in morbidity and RBD binding affinity, is conflicting (48). Seshi B, Kumar S, Sellers D. Human bone marrow stromal cell: coexpression of markers specific for multiple mesenchymal cell lineages. Consequently, preexisting antibodies do not neutralize infection, but enhance it, possibly by triggering Fcγ receptor‐mediated virus uptake. Coronavirus Disease of 2019: a Mimicker of Dengue Infection? Couvelard A, Marianneau P, Bedel C, Drouet MT, Vachon F, Hénin D, et al. 2020;17:541–3. In a prospective observational study from India, involving 515 patients, approximately 20% of them (n = 104) were experiencing leukopenia [28]. This receptor mediates SARS‐CoV‐2 invasion into immune cells, further spreading viral infection into all organs and ADE. Protocols for biosafety guidelines for flow laboratories and equipment protecting the personal and environment have to be applied and existing guidelines possibly adapted to the particular situation (53, 55, 56). Furthermore, a cohort study from China confirmed that RNA of SARS-CoV-2 had been detected in a stool specimen [40]. The complex relationship between weather and dengue virus transmission in Thailand. Raghupathy R, Chaturvedi UC, Al-Sayer H, Elbishbishi EA, Agarwal R, Nagar R, et al. Green S, Vaughn DW, Kalayanarooj S, Nimmannitya S, Suntayakorn S, Nisalak A, et al. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2019/3085827/. 1992;357:420–2. 2012;6:e1676. On the contrary, 45% and 95% of dengue patients had been reported to experience headache [8, 28]. Lin SF, Liu HW, Chang CS, Yen JH, Chen TP. Much like COVID-19, the hallmark of dengue hemorrhagic fever is endothelial dysfunction. The characteristic temperature pattern of dengue fever is a high temperature with abrupt onset, sometimes accompanied by two temperature peaks or known as saddleback fever [8]. Natl Sci Rev. One patient was initially mistaken with dengue infection due to skin rash presenting as petechiae and laboratory findings of thrombocytopenia. World Health Organization, editor. Thus, it is erroneous to say that COVID-19 is identical to ARDS or CSS.

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