77, 89). (ed.) Trajan's Column, built by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus (60-129 (?) ¶ Geste et image sur la Colonne de Marc Aurèle à Rome, Turnhout, 2000, 19-88, Martines, G. 2001a: Colonna Traiana. This started with the visit of the emperor Constantius II in AD 357 (Ammianus Marcellinus 16.10.14), if not before. email: jcnc@st-andrews.ac.uk, Description and Condition of Trajan’s Column. They are also of unequal breadths in the first and third courses: in the first the north-west block (A) is narrower (2.40m. Augustan Tomb of Cestius, Porta Ostiense, Roma. „Ф ^„Ğgdéì The latter originally had a large integral bench. This layout is reflected on the designs of commemorative Trajanic coin issues depicting the Column (e.g. The clamps linking the marble components of the Column were quarried out, including the four between each drum of the shaft removed from inside the staircase. Pourtant, pour beaucoup, l’empereur est aujourd’hui connu grâce à l’inscription qui porte son nom à la base de la colonne Trajane (Fig. Trajan’s Column is a ‘Tuscan’ or ‘Roman Doric’ order column, 29.78m. than the south-east (F, 2.5m.). J.C., date à laquelle elle fut inaugurée, elle s'élevait, avec la base, à une hauteur de 39,83 m et racontait en images les guerres daciques dont l'empereur Trajan sortit vainqueur. Through the Mediaeval period detritus built up around the pedestal of Trajan’s Column, to some extent protecting its sculptural detail. Progressing up the shaft, the sculptors were moderately confident until just over half-way through the work, when they seem to have feared that space was running out. Access to the rear room was drastically narrowed, and, to accommodate the additional pier, the marble bench had to be chiselled away leaving a remnant zone of rough tool-marks (Martines 2001a, Pl. An engaged bronze foot and the head were reportedly discovered in the 16th century, but were subsequently lost (Coarelli 2000b, 27). Upper shaft looking west (end of helical frieze). Grand Pontife, titulaire pour la dix-septième fois de la puissance tribunicienne, acclamé imperator pour la sixième fois, consul pour la sixième fois, Père de la patrie. Compared with the Column of Marcus Aurelius and many other monuments in Rome, Trajan’s Column is in pretty good condition. The remodelled top two drums and the statue of San Pietro. A la base de la colonne, entourée de trophées d’armes, une petite porte mène à une chambre funéraire qui contenait les cendres de l’empereur romain Trajan, mort en 117 après JC, ainsi que de sa femme Plotine. Top of spiral satircase, inscribed Greek notice of Constantius II’s visit. It was carved following free-hand painting of the letters, without use of a cartoon or geometrically drafted letter forms (Evetts 1938; Catlich 1968; Ohlsen 1981; Kemp 1999). Internal surfaces exhibit the tool-marks of tooth-chiselling, so walls, helical ceiling and window-splays were not further worked to a smooth finish. Date d'inscription : 11/11/2013 Sujet: Re: Colonne Trajane x 3 Dim 14 Déc 2014 - 23:13 Je pense préférer le premier pour les détails dans les façades au dessus de la rambarde et pour la "température" du N&B Paris. tolerance. Agosti, G. and Farinella, V. 1988a: ‘Nuove ricerche sulla Colonna Traiana nel Rinascimento’, in Settis, S. Appartenant au nouveau forum construit par Trajan et son architecte Apollodore de Damas à la suite des victoires sur les Daces, la colonne Trajane, inaugurée en 113 de notre ère, occupait le centre d'une cour située entre deux salles de bibliothèque, l'une grecque et l'autre latine, à l'arrière de la grande basilique (basilica Ulpia) qui barrait le fond du forum de Trajan. Lower shaft, looking NE, (SW window alignment). Four eagles appear carved in high relief on top of the four corners of the pedestal, standing in front of the column base. Top of shaft, looking SE (flutings, bead-and-reel, egg-and-dart, abacus/balcony). La frise représente en tout 184 scènes montrant les différents épisodes de la conquête de la Dacie, montrant l'empereur menant ses troupes, donnant des conseils, toujours glorifié : Trajan est représenté 59 fois. DCLXV The door below the inscription is flanked and topped by sculpted military equipment. La Colonne Trajane est formée de douze blocs de marbre de Paros superposés reposant sur un piédestal carré, sur laquelle sont représentés les épisodes de la guerre contre les Daces, sculptés en une seule bande continue qui forme une spirale d'environ 200 mètres de longueur ornée de plus de 2.500 figures . 3° De qui cet empereur est-il le fils ? Balcony level, lower drum (note claw-chiselled surface). maximus, tribune’s power for the 17th time, acclaimed imperator for the 6th time, consul for the 6th time, father of the state, Ä The weight of the building was taken on the central shaft and the outer wall, but the helix also channelled the downward thrust in a novel manner. ¤f ¤ğ [$ gdéì Alignment of the blocks of the pedestal was dictated by two considerations: the threshold to the main door (block B) should not have a joint at its mid-point; the appearance of the inscription would be greatly enhanced if it also did not have a medial joint (block F). Side 1 (door) is dominated by the dedicatory inscription (CIL VI.960) within a tabula ansata, born by two opposed Victories. ¤f ¤f [$ gdéì This gives a total of 29 pieces, all made of Carrara marble (marmor Lunensium), probably from the quarries at Fantiscritti (near Massa Carrara, Italy). Verdigris from the crowning bronze statue was also deposited on sculpted surfaces. Apart from serious problems with the putative, continuously illustrated pictorial scroll concept, close examination of the Column reveals that the flutings are in higher relief than the frieze. Just as with the figure of San Paolo on the Marcus Column, the saint gazes towards the Vatican. 77, 86). Ó To the left of this a door led to a short corridor, a second door and a rear chamber. U V ” ç Several rectilinear sockets have been cut into the surface (as seen also on Side 3). The monument was cleaned using a mist of fresh water. […] 1938: Roman Lettering. This all indicates that the helical frieze was not planned in detail, or even laid out on the shaft ahead of sculpting work. Another appears at the top of the spiral stair. 23, 28-9; Coarelli 2000b, Fig. 73). The overall height is 35.07m. However, this only happened at 12 points out of a potential 68. The varying height of the field does form an overall pattern which is consistent over the second to thirteenth windings at 1.10-1.25m. A change in plan for the layout of the internal staircase also necessitated raising the horizontal join between courses two and three so as not to make the soffit of the internal vestibule too thin, thus avoiding the danger of it cracking under the weight of stone piled above. Le fût est décoré d'une frise de bas-reliefs de 200 m de long, semblable à un immense rouleau de papyrusqui se développe en 23 spires jusqu'au sommet. Mass. […] Openings were broken right through the thickness of the outer wall in some cases, damaging the helical frieze with consequent loss of some human figures (notably in Scenes VI; XLIII.2; LVI-VII; LXII.1; LXXIII.11-16; LXXXII.1, 3; XCII; CIV.5; CIII.10, 12, 14, 16; CXV; CXXVI.9-11; CXXXIX.9-CXL.1). high, the joint was raised by 0.17m., making the lower block taller than the upper (Wilson Jones 1993; 2000, Fig. On Side 4 the medial, vertical join between blocks E and F has been opened up massively, cutting down into the course below. high, standing on a 5.29m. high). On y voit diverses batailles, mais aussi des mouvements de troupes, des travaux de fortifications, des sacrifices, des ambassades et des soumissi… J.-C. pour commémorer les victoires de l'Empire romain contre les Daces, un peuple du Nord venu des Carpathes. 91). The square base of the column is shaped from the top two blocks of the pedestal, separate from the next block up which comprises a banded wreath and torus, plus the lowest part of the shaft, all carved in a single piece. Florescu 1969, Fig. Une nouvelle lecture de la scène IX est proposée grâce à l'identification du personnage tombant de son mulet à un faber aurarius dace, symbole de la richesse de la Dacie. TRAJANA Of the four eagles standing on the corners, the west and north have been broken away entirely, while the south and east have lost their heads. This presumably belonged to the miniature 10th century church of S. Nicola de Columna which used the Column as its campanile (Brizzi 2000, 231). Pedestal Side 1 engraving (G.B. The stairway exits through a doorway facing north-east onto the balcony. 1° Qui a offert la colonne ? Le pape Sixte Quint la fit remplacer en 15… l'inscription de la colonne trajane 247 en échange d'autant [de richesses], le lieu aussi aurait été dégagé » (ou vidé, débarrassé de tout ce qui le rendait précé demment impropre à être un forum). Scholars have made much of this feature, and some have concluded that the intended concept was that of an illustrated book-roll (rotulus) wound around the shaft. The rate of erosion has indubitably accelerated since 1870 when Rome became the new capital of a united Italy. Classé à l'Inventaire des monuments historiques, il est l'œuvre de l'architecte normand Paul Bigot (1870-1942), Grand Prix de Rome en 1900 et Professeur à l'Ecole des Beaux-Arts de Paris. Pedestal interior, back room, looking NE (rough chiselling of removed bench seen lower left, back and floor). The staircase then enters into an anticlockwise spiral or helix, in 11 turns, 14 steps in each full turn. Son bas-relief s'enroulant autour de son fût est célèbre et décrit la victoire de l'empereur Trajas sur les Daces lors des deux guerres daciques (101-102 et 105-106). ; Wilson Jones 2000, 165). (ed.) The 2,662 human figures on this frieze range between 0.6 and 0.8 m. in height, or less than half life-size, with markedly taller figures on the uppermost winding. Voir plus d'idées sur le thème colonne trajane, colonnes, romain. Cut on the small pedestal which supports Victory’s shield in Scene LXXVIII, the text can only be seen on the original stone in raking light: A(nno) D(omini) M Seen from Side 1, from bottom to top these present stretcher (block B), headers (C and D), stretcher (F), headers (G and H). The cornice consists of a bead-and-reel astragal, a narrow fillet, a cyma recta decorated with a double row of upward pointing acanthus leaves, a narrow fillet, an ovolo moulding with bead-and-reel, a plain projecting moulding, an ovolo with two rows of narrow leaves pointing downwards, and a narrow fillet. 8.9). long helical frieze progressing upwards in an anti-clockwise course, which has 23.25 windings covering a shaft face area of approximately 284 square metres. à The senate and people of Rome (dedicate this) to Again ecclesiastical structures may have been built up against this side of the Column. Its tail starts at the first window on the south-east side, above the door, and is finally pinched out at the top over the north-east window alignment. Traduction de R. Chevalier, 1976. . Seventeen drums are stacked to form the rest of the shaft, each weighing approximately 29-33 tons after sculpting. 8° Quelle autre fonction occupe-t-il ? (ed.) The bottom line is damaged, but the late 8th century Codex Einsidlensis preserves the full text: SENATVS POPVLVSQUE ROMANVS They are surrounded by a mass of 16th to 20th century records. 25). Earthquakes affecting Rome wrought little damage to Trajan’s Column, at least compared with the Column of Marcus Aurelius. 1), qui en a fait un jalon important dans l’histoire de l’écriture occidentale. Paris. A large piece has also been broken away around the joint between blocks of the fourth course (G and H). Mortared rubble walls were constructed inside the south-west corridor and a pier was added in the rear chamber of the pedestal. Generally it ignores the joints between column drums and the windows, in their regular, pre-determined positions, which have high relief, double-moulded frames. All the blocks were shaped to a very fine tolerance, were dry-laid, and were joined by clamps, presumably iron or copper alloy pieces, set in lead. Scene XCVIII (heavily eroded and verdigris wash on left). La colonne Trajane est une colonne d’ordre dorique haute de 40 mètres et faisant partie du Forum de Trajan. Top of the spiral staircase (lamp niche on left and surrounding graffiti). Introduzione allo studio dei fregi d’armi antichi, Roma, Rockwell, P. 1981-83: ‘Preliminary study of the carving techniques on the Column of Trajan’, Marmi Antichi, Studi Miscellanei 26, Roma, 101-11, Rockwell, P. 1993: The Art of Stoneworking: a Reference Guide, Cambridge, Wilson Jones, M. 1999: ‘The practicalities of Roman entasis’, in Haselberger, L. TRAIANO AVG GERM DACICO PONTIF }! Shaft Scenes XLVII-VIII (window with damaged frame); XLIX and LVI-VII (Medieval clamp removal on drum joint line). On the Marcus Column it passes across her hips with most unfortunate effect (Petersen et al. Thus its diameter varies at different points from a maximum of 3.68m. […] 6.32). Party of students on the balcony (9.9.93). S. SETTIS, La Colonna Traiana, Torino, 1988, p. 542. Les reliefs de la colonne Trajane forment un bas-relief qui s'enroule en hélice autour du fût de la colonne Trajane, de la base au sommet. (ed. Where the surface of the stone is well preserved tool-marks reveal the range of tools employed in the sculpting process: flat, round-headed and tooth-chisels, a channeling tool, a rasp, and a drill (Rockwell 1981-83; 1993, 236-37). Doors and railing were restored. The height of the letters decreases downwards, line-by-line (0.115-0.095m. Download PDF: Sorry, we are unable to provide the full text but you may find it at the following location(s): http://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/... (external link) LVDOVI 10). With refashioning of the topmost block in the 16th century the exact original overall height of the monument is unclear, but c. 38m. Indeed the first course blocks diverge slightly in dimensions, and some adjustments were necessary within a 0.05m. For the Column the module was not exactly applied but increased slightly due to practical difficulties discovered and accommodated during execution. 77, 86). Spiral staircase window interior (note claw-chiselled surfaces). Au-dessus de cette porte, … Trajan’s Forum, hemicycle wall, looking SW (metal clamps quarried out from between blocks). For larger parties of visitors, due to the balcony space and the narrowness of the staircase, it makes practical sense for a group of a dozen to climb up, view, then come back down, before the next twelve ascend. It is made up of eight rectangular blocks (A-H, as designated by Martines) laid in pairs, cross-wise, in alternating courses (Martines 2001a, Pl. Ostia Capitolium, Hadrianic temple threshold, single block of africano marble. Instead of two courses each 1.525m. Elle a été élevée entre 107 et 113 apr. J.-C.). La colonne Trajane, d’après le surmoulage exécuté à Rome en 1861-1862. Certaines fabriques ont été transférées dans le parc du château de Jeurre à Morigny-Champigny (Essonne). The column stands on a torus, 0.855m. Upper shaft looking SE (narrow frieze field, broadest top three windings). En son centre se trouve la célèbre statue équestre de Marc Aurèle datant du IIe siècle. Ô R La colonne fut érigée sous le règne de l'empereur Trajan, de 107 à 113, peut-être par l'ingénieur Apollodore de Damas, dont le rôle dans la construction de l'ensemble du forum de Trajan n'est pas bien établi : il est possible que celui-ci ait seulement supervisé les travaux. Mediaeval scavengers knew exactly where metal clamps between stone blocks were located so that they could chisel in with the minimum of superfluous effort. 4° Trajan a combattu les Daces ? ^ The dividing band, 0.02-0.05m. 2005, 164-66, 199, 201-2). A total of 185 steps took the visitor from the pavement outside the pedestal up to the balcony. 9° Il est question dans le texte a) de la largeur b) de la hauteur c) de la matière de la colonne 10° Que marque le sommet de la colonne, sachant que egero, ere, gessi, gestum veut dire vider, nettoyer ? A good example of this precision may be observed on outside of the hemicycle wall of Trajan’s Forum. Dal tempo dei calchi di Luigi XIV e Napoleone III allo stato attuale’, in Francesi 1988, 281-98, Please address questions about the project to Dr Jon Coulston There are 152 steps with comfortably proportioned risers in contrast with many other ancient Roman buildings (cf.  Similarly stone has fallen away immediately below a joint between drums in a few places on the exterior, most seriously in Scenes CI and CXLVII where human figures have gone. A cavetto profile to the upper level of the pedestal forms the space occupied by ribbons and swags below the column base proper (Martines 2001a, Pl. Erosion damage may be discerned by comparing casts made in 1665-70 with others made in 1861-62. Middle and upper shaft exterior with window alignment and NE-facing door, looking NW. a Upper pedestal, looking South (torus damage). Monumental texts were inscribed across multiple blocks on building facades, but at this scale such visual interruption could be, and was, avoided. The balcony was refaced and clamped, and its sides carry the main monumental inscription: SIXTVS V B(eato) APOST(oli) PON(tificatus) A(nno) III (see Martines 2001a, Pl. Three pairs of fluttering ribbons also extend from the eagles’ talons filling the spaces below. The architect of the Forum of Trajan employed 100-foot modules in the layout of the complex, probably 400 feet long and 200 feet wide for the piazza; 200 feet wide and 600 feet long for the Basilica Ulpia. Stone has fallen away below the joint leaving the third course (E and F) jutting outward. Le Plan de Rome est une grande maquette en plâtre de près de 70 m² qui représente la Rome antique au temps de l'empereur Constantin (IV e s. apr. l'attention g?n?rale. The shaft has a simple but effective form of refinement (entasis), with a vertical profile up the lower five and a half drums, an arced profile up the next five drums, and a tapering profile to the top (Wilson Jones 1999; 2000, 130, Fig. LIVRE - Depuis l'an 113, elle s'élève, inaltérée, dans le ciel de Rome. Upper shaft, Scenes CXXXII to CLIV-V (stone missing around top window). on each side (Martines 2001a, Pl. 2000: ‘The Forum and Column of Trajan after the Fall of the Empire’, in Coarelli 2000a, 229-44, Catich, E.M. 1968: The Origins of the Serif: Brush Writing and Roman Letters, Davenport Iowa, Coarelli, F. _ Therefore, logically, the latter is not wrapped over, but cut into, the column surface. Both reinforced the ceilings. : : O ÿÿ ÿÿ ÿÿ ¤ Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş L ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ¬ P 5 : Ô ( ü ü ü ü ü " * ´ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ $ o h × ¦ Ú Ş 2 ü ü 2 2 Ú Ş Ş ü ü ï $ $ $ 2 Æ Ş ü Ş ü ´ $ 2 ´ $ $ L Ş Ş t ü È ğÎs�Î¦È ˜ ø " d ´ 0 5 l }! Pedestal stair first flight, looking SE and down (block joints B-C-F; left window; lamp niche on far wall). In 1536 Pope Paul III had the pedestal excavated so that the Column stood in a rectilinear pit (Lanciani 1990, 131-40; Coarelli 2000a, 257-59). J.-C.). This had major implications for the sculptures carved on the pedestal dies after assembly. ; ² ³ Ù Ú ü ı + , R S u … † ñíñíáíáíáíáíáíáíáíáíáÑíáíÁáÁ³ÁíÁáÁ³Áí¨í í í í í í í í í ”í héì CJ OJ QJ aJ héì OJ QJ héì 5�CJ0 \�aJ0 héì 0J CJ OJ QJ aJ j héì CJ OJ QJ UaJ héì B* CJ OJ QJ aJ ph€ héì CJ OJ QJ aJ héì héì 5�CJ OJ QJ \�aJ : / 0 L M f „ ¢ Æ æ 88). ñ and 3.00m. In addition to specific weathering, the Column was subject to visitors marking their presence through graffiti.

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