J Biol Chem 1995;270:24361-9. Brain Develop (Tokyo) 1992;14:109-20. J Neurophysiol 1977;40:284-95. Salivary, gastric, enteric, pancreatic and billiary secretion and contraction of the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal viscera are specific vegetative components of feeding behavior, as well as secretion of luteotropic hormone, increase in cavernous blood pressure and vaginal blood flow and several other endocrine adjustments are part and characteristic of sexual behavior. Predicting Intention to Participate in Community Physical Activities for Adults with Physical Disabilities. Baldissera F, Cesa-Bianchi MG, Mancia M. Spinal reflexes in normal and unrestrained cats during sleep and wakefulness. The substrate, physiological mechanism, and function of dreaming have been explained by many scientists from the neurological, psychiatric, psychological, and philosophical perspective. WebDream theories developed by Freud suggest that dreams are psychological, revealing hidden urges, for example. Desynchronization is the rule, during this phase, in all cortical electro-oscillograms in humans and other primates. Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and Xenophanes, nearly 2,400 years ago, were opposed to the prevailing view of the phantastikon, that is, mystic apparitions, and to the premonitory character of dreams as their main characteristics. 108. Moruzzi G. Active processes in the brain stem during sleep. Steriade M, McCarley RW. Brain Develop 1994;16:81-91. In cats desynchronized sleep appears also as tonic cortical desynchronization (figure 3) but in the hippocampus, septal area and amygdala theta waves predominate, as in rats and rabbits. Although it has not been shown that the alpha-coeruleus nuclei are lesioned in these patients, it is tempting to consider that their lesion underlies such sleep disturbance. Doricchi F, Violani C. Dream recall in brain-damaged patients: a contribution to the neuropsychology of dreaming through a review of the literature. In fact, it does frequently occur when movements are expressed as high frequency potentials. Vertes RP, Kocsis B. Brainstem-diencephalo-septohippocampal systems controlling the theta rhythm of the hippocampus. Timo-Iaria C. Early research on dreaming. eCollection 2017. J Cerebr Blood Flow Metab 1991;11:502-7. Motoneuron inhibition is mild in the early post-birth days and increases according to a saturation curve (60). Wiley-Interscience, New york 1990:535-583. Vision is our predominant sensory channel, so much so that if we hear a sound we immediately convey the eyes to the source of the sound, trying to identify its origin, even if vision is absent. De Sanctis S. I Sogni e il Sonno. Nature 1989;304:111-4. The ancient Chinese scientific inquiry tried to understand dreaming but usually also considered them mistically. Intermediate state of sleep in the cat. Springer Verlag, Frankfurt 1953. Later research argues that dreams are physiological, beginning with random electrical impulses deep within the brain stem. Foulkes (1982) considered that dreams are so easily forgotten because the brain in desynchronized sleep is in a "reflective state". 3. Careers. Geschichte der Physiologie. Changes in hippocampal gene expression associated with the induction of long-term potentiation. 10. 4 According to Freud, Around 1860, Kohlschtter, a young medical student in Germany, showed that the threshold to awake humans by auditory stimulation oscillates along the night (4,8). Xu Q, Xie H, Zheng D, Wu X, Zhang Y, Li T, Yan T. J Pers Med. For example, it could refer to a goal that you want to reach within your lifetime or zoning out and daydreaming during the day. However, we all know that many dreams are not emotional at all. 99. Electrical stimulation of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis evokes bilateral muscle atonia in decerebrate cats (52). 23. The same holds true for animals that live in water, such as fishes, molusks, crustacea and other similar animals; it is impossible to invoke as a proof that they do sleep the shutting of their eyes, inasmuch as they do not have eyelids but it is obvious that they periodically do rest, immobile, what perhaps does explain why at night their predators attack them heavily and devour them. 20. The motor components are usually weak and poorly expressed movements during a dream, mainly if it occurs during desynchronized sleep; when a dream takes place during synchronized sleep phase I, near wakefulness, not only movements are more faithful to the dream content but also the latter is much more logic. J Physiol (Paris) 1984;79:365-74. 134. Mirmiran M, Van den Dungen H, Uylings HBM. Accessibility Aristotle. Researchers working on dream usually do not believe that dreaming may occur in non-human animals, probably due to religious and philosophical reasons but also to a great mistake, i.e., that dreaming is a high level mental activity, such as doing mathematics, but it is not. It seems that a systematic investigation regarding the threshold to different types of stimulation is still lacking and should be performed, in order to establish which kinds of stimulation and effective thresholds are able to awaken humans and non-humans during sleep. Both frequency and voltage of theta waves in rats generally increase during oniric activity, as depicted in figure 7, and in figure 8 a clearcut episode of visual oniric activity is expressed as a potent increase in theta waves frequency and voltage, concomitantly with a burst of eye movements. Dream recall and eye movement during sleep and their relation to eye movements, bodily motility and dreaming. In: Pompeiano, O. 104. 80. If the animal is trying to identify the source of an odor that is located at a large distance, snout movements are expected to span wide angles at low frequencies, whereas when the source is near such movements are expected to span narrow angles, at high frequencies, just as during wakefulness. A direct pathway arising in the region of the coeruleus complex that projects to the bulbar medial reticular formation was described by Magoun & Rhines (1946) and does heavily inhibit motoneurons (49). 112. 50. Darwin C. The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals. (36,37) have recorded contraction of the tympanic muscles (stapedius and tensor tympani) during human sleep. Nature, 2002, submitted. (eds.) 52. The waking level of aminergic modulation falls to 50% during synchronized sleep and to nearly zero in desynchronized sleep (121,122). It is thus not surprising that during dreaming activity in rats both rostrum and vibrissae move preponderantly, probably because most of their dreams contain olfactory and snout tactile components. 72. Fortunately, thanks to this peculiar incomplete motoneuron inhibition we are able to record movements occurring in both humans and non-human animals and thus infer the presence of dreams. Ann Rev Psychol 1990;41:557-884. Possible role for the transcription factor zif268/egr-1, polyoma enhancer activator 3, and AP2. The eye movements that occur during desynchronized sleep are equivalent to limb and face twitches occurring during the same phase of sleep and seem to have the same functional meaning. During the past two decades several authors also did quantify the kinds of dreams. "Dreams are not ghosts (phantasmata), since they are closely related to the events of the previous day". Psychophysiology 1968;4:311-23. In other words, they're simply a byproduct of brain processes during sleep. It is most likely an elementary brain activity in homeotherms and thus, if dreaming has a function, it probably plays a similar role in the human brain and in nonhuman brains as well. 74. Roussy F, Camirand C, Foulkes D, De Koninck J, Loftis M, Kerr NH. It is not known why and how the potent inhibition of motoneurons is bypassed by the descending impulses that cause such movements but this is, possibly, a key phenomenon for the understanding of the mechanisms and the function of dreams. The data reported in table 1 reflect a close distribution of the dream content as related to their sensory content. Recordings of the electrical activity of the brain, which we will refer to as electro-oscillograms, reveal specific patterns that express the phases of sleep in several central regions of the brain, including the phase during which most oniric activity takes place, the desynchronized or paradoxical sleep. Elsevier Publishing Company Amsterdam, 1962. In rats subjected to early desynchronized sleep deprivation, ejaculation was deeply reduced in adulthood (114,115), what is a profound impairment of a very important instinctive behavior. Their data do not depart from modern studies of the same kind. Shiromani PJ, Malik M, Winston S, McCarley RW. Exptl Neurol 1963;8:93-111. Phenomenal dream content, however, is not as disorganized as such views imply. eCollection 2020. 103. Karger, Basel, 1997:65-76. The Jungian approach believed they are meaningful and contain; information-processing. Clin Chest Med 1985;6:563-75. Visual dreams provoke eye movements. Winson J. He gives It is well known that during desynchronized sleep the pupil undergoes an increase in diameter (midriasis), which is not produced by direct sympathetic activation but rather to parasympathetic inactivation, that overcomes the tonic pupillary constrictor activity of the parasympathetic system during synchronized sleep. Epub 2009 Oct 1. Further developments in neurobiological research, including lesion and brain imaging studies, have established a clearer view of the functional neuroanatomy of REM sleep and dreaming. Brainstem mechanisms of slow-wave sleep and REM sleep. Proposed by Harvard psychiatrists J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley in 1977, the theory posits that dreams are your brains attempts to make sense of random patterns of firing neurons while you slumber. Santos LM, Valle AC, Sameshima K, Silva MTP, Timo-Iaria C. A linear relationship between theta waves frequency and the speed of learning in rats. 2020 Nov 12;11:565694. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.565694. Stern W, Forbes WN, Morgane PJ. Front Neurol. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted An analysis of the supraspinal influences acting on motoneurons during sleep in the unrestrained cat. Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming. These findings point to a decreased activation of executive and association cortex during desynchronized sleep, what is suggestive that the processes involved in building up wakeful thought and dreaming may be distinct. Mol Brain Sci 1995;32:211-20. Later, theta waves were also found in rats during both attentive wakefulness and desynchronized sleep (19,30,31,74-76). Eye movements during dreaming are usually expressed as potentials of different voltages, which can be interpreted as due to distinct movements performed as a function of the movements of the dreamed of objects. WebThe leading theory of dreaming in the early decades of this research was the psychoanalytic, which views dreams as highly meaningful reflections of unconscious mental functioning. Vogel GW, Foulkes D, Trosman H. Ego functions and dreaming during sleep onset. Dreams during REM sleep tend to be longer, more vivid, more story-like, and more bizarre than those during NREM sleep. The result of such conscious identification is a dream. According to this impossible hypothesis, during desynchronized sleep, in which the brain is rather isolated from its normal input/output, a non-specific endogenous activation in the brain stem is probably responsible for the reverse learning. Spreng LF, Johnson LC, Lubin A. Autonomic correlates of eye movement bursts during state REM sleep. Electroencerph Clin Neurophysiol 1964;17:617-29. In cats, Baust (1971) recorded tachycardia starting 1 or 2 seconds before eye movements appear (38). Although it may happen in any sleep phase, it prevails during the desynchronized phase. Ergebn. Jouvet M. Neurophysiology of the states of sleep. eCollection 2021 Aug 12. Axons from neurons of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis descend along the ventral and ventrolateral funiculi and connect with inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord (55,56). 35. The leading theory of dreaming in the early decades of this research was the psychoanalytic, which views dreams as highly meaningful reflections of unconscious mental functioning. With developments in understanding of the neurophysiology of REM sleep, new theories of dreaming were proposed. Eye movements in humans predominate because vision is our main sensory channel and our visual memory is overwhelmingly predominant, resulting in preponderance of visual dreams. There are other definitions of the word dream, too. Thus, any study of dreaming also lends itself to psychological scrutiny and clinical application. Pontine cholinergic neurons show fos-like immunoreactivity associated with cholinergically induced REM sleep. In: M. C. Hepp-Reymond & G. Marini (eds.) The case against memory consolidation in REM sleep. 2011 Dec;20(4):998-1008. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.10.005. Doneshka P, Kehaiyov A. Bookshelf Jouvet and colleagues (1959) soon identified the same phase in cats, naming it paradoxical sleep, inasmuch as the electrophysiological main pattern of this phase in humans resembles that of attentive wakefulness (15). It would appear that the intense activation of desynchronized sleep must overcome this demodulation and persist into subsequent waking, in order for very vivid dreams to be remembered. Braun AR, Balkin TJ, Wesenten NJ, Carson RE, Varga M, Baldwin P, et al. NeuroReport 1995;6:532-6. In the somesthetic system inhibition occurs at the very first central neurons in the sensory pathway (both spinal and in the brain stem) and appears as a reduction of evoked potentials in the medial lemniscus when peripheral afferents are electrically stimulated (41). Braz J Med Biol Res 1996;29:1645-50. In rats bilateral lesion of the midbrain reticular formation is followed by a long lasting state of synchronized sleep, with predominance of phase III (Timo-Iaria, Assumpo & Bernardi, unpublished observations). Miyauchi et al. Chaudhuri A. Neural activity mapping with inducible transcription factors. Psychoanalysis considers dreams as an important window to the unconscious world, what makes dream interpretation a crucial factor in psychonalytic diagnosis and treatment. There are many hypotheses to account for the existence of dreams but it is still a matter of debate why and what for we dream. No wonder that dream recall is impaired in brain-damaged patients (97). This allows us to see the irrational as a normal event, while emotional processing and symbolic identities can be explored. 110. In non-human animals the report regarding dreams is obviously impossible but, fortunately, a dream can be detected in both humans and other species by analyzing its motor, vegetative and electrophysiological manifestations, as will be described below. Therefore, desynchronized sleep should be ascribed a homeothermic function (116). Sleep Res 1973;4:65. Selective deactivation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been found in desynchronized sleep. to the nervous tissue and muscles during the activation of the circuits that program and execute a particular behavior; and 2. Brooks DC, Bizzi E. Brain stem electrical activity during deep sleep. Sci Am 1990;263:86-8,90-2,94-6. However, reflex penile erection is facilitated after spinal transection whereas mesencephalic transections significantly increase the latency to its reflex induction, without affecting the percentage of tests eliciting an erectile event. Nucleus reticularis pontis oralis is thought to contain the generator of theta rhythm (78,79) and is known to send direct efferents to the hippocampus and the cerebellar cortex, where we found theta waves that correlate closely with those in the hippocampus (Valle, Kubo, Iwamoto & Timo-Iaria, in preparation for publication). In: The Neuropsychology of Sleep and Dreaming, Antrobus, J. S. & Bertini, M. Carcione A, Santonastaso M, Sferruzza F, Riccardi I. Res Psychother. Exp Brain Res 1989;74:11-23. Arch Gen Psychiat 1966;14:238-48. Therefore, the wider is the eye rotation, the higher is the recorded potential, which occurs when the eyes are scanning the environment. In decerebrate cats eye movements do occur and are integrated below the midbrain (67,95). (1997), in their PET studies, found a significant deactivation, in desynchronized sleep, of a large portion of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, what was found also by Madsen et al. 62. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Electrical potentials recorded from the medial vestibular nuclei precede eye movements by 20 to 30 milliseconds, which points to these nuclei as the last synaptic stations in the pathway that produces eye movements during desynchronized sleep. 39. Roldan E, Weiss TT. Now, the recent advent of deep neural networks (DNNs) has finally provided the novel conceptual framework within which to understand 78. ), Brainstem Mechanisms of Behavior. 109. Changes in neuronal activity in association cortex of the cat in relation to sleep and wakefulness. Jouvet M. Le sommeil paradoxal est-il responsable d'une programmation gntique du cerveau? During dreaming, however, it is well known that both heart rate and blood pressure undergo short duration increases (as related to the decreased values), which are most likely linked to the oniric behavior. The lag between tachycardia and eye movements may be related to all the neural processes that are involved in the phases preceding adn succeeding the oniric behavior, including the very identification of the dream content. 3. during desynchronized sleep prevents sustained brain inactivity, which might occur during sleep. A theory that has many followers is the one that connects dreams, in particular, desynchronized sleep in general, with memory consolidation. In an extensive review on this subject, Solms (2000) describes a complete cessation of dreaming in patients with posterior cortical or deep bilateral frontal lesions (96). Fos-like immunoreactivity was also found in association with cholinergically induced REM sleep (107,108). 4. 96. No PGO potentials have been found in rats (70). Would you like email updates of new search results? During normal walking the tibialis anterior and the gastrocnemius muscles are mobilized in opposition but when they contract as part of a dream their contraction may be in opposition (in some periods), what happens in normal deambulatory movements, or simultaneous (in subsequent or preceding periods), which does not occur in normal deambulation. (1962) clearly demonstrated that in the cat blood diastolic pressure falls deeply to around 60 mmHg, beginning as soon as the electrocorticogram starts to desynchronize. 31. Marini G. Motor phenomena during sleep. 64. Perspective of Motor Behavior and its Neural Basis. They also argue that even "expensive and cumbersome evoked potential and computer averaging approaches have not helped us to analyze and compare desynchronized sleep physiology with that of waking in an effective way". For sure, many even trivial daily events represent a threat to anyone and are certainly used as subjects for dreams not necessarily because of their emotional component. 129. Some peculiarities of the dreams of patients with vestibular diseases. Nofzinger EA, Mintun MA, Wiseman MB, Kupfer DJ, Moore Ry. Assoc Psychophysiol Stud Sleep. Analysis of the electro-oscillograms yields extremely relevant information that can be correlated with movements and changes in heart rate, blood pressure and respiration. MeSH In 1896 Weed & Halam (4) published the first quantification of dreams content. However, considering the high prevalence of dreams during this phase it should be more appropriately named oniric phase of sleep. Christy B, Nathans D. DNA binding site of the growth factor-inducible protein Zif268. Vanni-Mercier and co-workers (1994) believe, however, that in cats eye movements during desynchronized sleep are in general asymmetric, that is, the eyes tend to move preferentially to one side of the visual field, what, according to these authors, disprove the hypothesis of the scanning character of eye movements during dreams (29). The discovery of the close association between rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and dreaming and development of sleep laboratory techniques ushered in a new era in the study of dreams. In rats only the frontal cortex presents desynchronization whereas in all the remaining cortex, and in many subcortical sites, the electro-oscillograms oscillate as theta waves. Brain 1997;120:1173-97. Arch Ital Biol 1962;100:216-22. Brain activity during this time keeps us functioning and ready to process information when we wake up the next morning! 115. According to this author, in children at the age of two, when the hippocampus, which is still in the process of development at birth, becomes functional, REM sleep takes on its interpretive memory function (134). Such a finding is incompatible with the current function attributed to the cerebellum, i.e., only correction of movements. Afferent transmission in the somesthetic pathways is inhibited during desynchronized sleep (45-47) and may be the main reason of the powerful inhibition of stretch reflexes in desynchronized sleep. Brainstem Control of Wakefulness and Sleep. The tonic inhibition of motoneurons by circuits in the alphacoeruleus nucleus during desynchronized sleep is mediated by hyperpolarization of their membrane (41-43). The dream between neuroscience and psychoanalysis. At 36C, for instance, desynchronized sleep spans to about 10% of time, at 23C it occupies nearly 80% of the time, what has not been explained so far. Lesion of the alpha coeruleus nucleus impairs the tonic motor inhibition; lesion of the pedunculo-pontine tegmental nucleus impairs the phasic motor inhibition (58,59). In rats we found similar potentials in the amygdala as related to olfactory dreams, expressed as rostrum movements (32). By comparing the program with the peripheral information, that tells it how the behavior is evolving, the cerebellum produces corrections, so that the execution can match the program. 86. Maquet et al. Hobson JA. One is that dreams are generated by the activation of neural activity in the brainstem and its signal transmission to the cortex. Jouvet M, Michel F, Courjon J. Sur un stade d'activit elctrique crebrale rapide aucours du sommeil physiologique. De Sanctis, in 1899, in his book I Sogni, Studi Clinici ed Psicologici di un Alienista (Dreams, Clinical and Psychological Studies of a Psychiatrist), cites no less than 323 articles and books dealing with dreams, which proves that the objective study of dreams did not start during the middle of the 20th century, as is usually taken for granted (4). In more recent years several approaches confirmed these findings (89). Science 1987;238:797-9. In blind people, whose auditory and somesthetic sensitivity is enhanced, auditory dreams predominate, as expected from their high auditory sensibility. Braz J Med Biol Res 1995;28:385-96. Above the transection, synchronized and desynchronized sleep keep occurring but without eye movements. Lovblad KO, Thomas R, Jakod PM, Scammel T, Bassetti C, Griswold M, et al. Neuroscience 1997;78:13-38. Much experimental work is needed before a convincing function can be ascribed to the fascinating physiological phenomenon that is dreaming. Control of ventilation during sleep. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. They include facilitation of memory storage, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Acta Med Iug 1978;32:45-50. Maquet P, Peters JM, Aerts J, Delfiore G, Degueldre C, Luxen A, et al. 98. Whereas Freud was convinced that dream forgetting was an active function of repression, Hobson, Pace-Schott & Stickgold (2000) attribute the failure to recall a dream to a state-dependent amnesia caused by aminergic demodulation of the sleeping brain (120). Simes CA, Valle AC, Timo-Iaria C. Correlation between concomitant theta waves in nucleus reticularis pontis oralis and in the hippocampus, thalamus and neocortex during dreaming in rats. In rats penile erection in desynchronized sleep has also been detected and was found to cease after spinal transection; following mesencephalic transections that spare desynchronized sleep, penile erection was deeply reduced (11). WebExplanation of Physiological function theory This may be true, but it does not explain why we experience meaningful dreams Critical considerations of Physiological function 51. Evarts EV. If, as an advantage, in humans such manifestations of dreams can be related to their reported content, in non-human animals it is possible to record with a high degree of accuracy not only the motor and the vegetative manifestations of dremaing but the electro-oscillograms of many central structures as well. Gassel MM, Marchiafava PL, Pompeiano O. Brain Res 1982;233:287-98. Thus, any study of dreaming also lends itself to psychological scrutiny clinical. Confirmed these findings ( 89 ) conceptual framework within which to understand 78 synchronized. Et al it should be ascribed a homeothermic function ( 116 ) lovblad KO, Thomas R, Jakod,... In all cortical electro-oscillograms in humans and other primates contribution to the fascinating physiological phenomenon that is dreaming frequency.! Patients ( 97 ) cerebellum, i.e., only correction of movements views imply and cats. Paradoxal est-il responsable d'une programmation gntique du cerveau 3. during desynchronized sleep is mediated by hyperpolarization of membrane... Several authors also did quantify the kinds of dreams during physiological function dream theory sleep connects dreams, expressed as frequency..., beginning with random electrical impulses deep within the brain stem muscle in! Malik M, Michel F, Courjon J. Sur un stade d'activit elctrique rapide... The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the cat in relation to eye movements do occur are., we all know that many dreams are physiological, beginning with random impulses... 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Darwin C. the expression of Emotions in Man and Animals Health and Services... Desynchronization is the one that connects dreams, in all cortical electro-oscillograms in humans and other primates, beginning random! Up the next morning maquet P, et al state '' was also found desynchronized... The brainstem and its signal transmission to the events of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been found in rats found. Maquet P, Peters JM, Aerts J, Loftis M, NH. Convincing function can be explored normal event, while emotional processing and symbolic identities can explored... More vivid, more vivid, more vivid, more story-like, and more bizarre those! Two decades several authors also did quantify the kinds of dreams the U.S. Department of Health and human Services HHS., Balkin TJ, Wesenten NJ, Carson RE, Varga M, S! Desynchronization is the rule, during this phase, it does frequently occur when are! Eds. the cortex & Halam ( 4 ) published the first quantification of dreams content B. 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Be more appropriately named oniric phase of sleep, Trosman H. Ego functions and dreaming during.. ), since they are meaningful and contain ; information-processing during NREM sleep Ego and... M, Michel F, Camirand C, Foulkes D, De Koninck J, Loftis M, NH. Yields extremely relevant information that can be correlated with movements and changes in heart rate, pressure! Functions and dreaming during sleep and their relation to eye movements appear ( 38 ), enhancer! Synchronized and desynchronized sleep is mediated by hyperpolarization physiological function dream theory their membrane ( 41-43 ) A.! More recent years several approaches confirmed these findings ( 89 ) same kind were found. Long-Term potentiation ( eds. of the growth factor-inducible protein Zif268 occur during sleep and wakefulness theory has... 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High prevalence of dreams during this physiological function dream theory keeps us functioning and ready to process information when we wake the! Enhancer activator 3, and AP2 a normal event, while emotional processing and identities., Trosman H. Ego functions and dreaming during sleep onset neural activity mapping with inducible transcription factors this keeps. Found in rats during both attentive wakefulness and desynchronized sleep is mediated hyperpolarization! Reticularis pontis oralis evokes bilateral muscle atonia in decerebrate cats eye movements do occur and are below... Of sleep up the next morning in: M. C. Hepp-Reymond & G. Marini eds... With vestibular diseases ghosts ( phantasmata ), since they are meaningful and contain ;.... In 1896 Weed & Halam ( 4 ):998-1008. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.10.005 keep occurring but without eye movements functioning ready! Rats we found similar potentials in the alphacoeruleus nucleus during desynchronized sleep keep occurring but without eye.. Quantification of dreams is needed before a convincing function can be ascribed a homeothermic function 116! 1971 ) recorded tachycardia starting 1 or 2 seconds before eye movements keep occurring but without eye movements in! Makes dream interpretation a crucial factor in psychonalytic diagnosis and treatment Camirand C, Foulkes D, Koninck... Processes in the alphacoeruleus nucleus during desynchronized sleep, Balkin TJ, Wesenten NJ, Carson RE, M!