Mazeppa. [182] The music's use in popular and film music, Brown says, lowered its esteem in their eyes still further. Tchaikovsky's expert use of having two or more instruments play a melody simultaneously (a practice called doubling) and his ear for uncanny combinations of instruments resulted in "a generalized orchestral sonority in which the individual timbres of the instruments, being thoroughly mixed, would vanish". [85] Tchaikovsky's marital debacle may have forced him to face the full truth about his sexuality; he never blamed Antonina for the failure of their marriage.[86]. De même, les membres de son entourage connaissaient très bien la vérité. Others dismissed Tchaikovsky's music as "lacking in elevated thought"[3] and derided its formal workings as deficient because they did not stringently follow Western principles. They did not write in the regular, symmetrical melodic shapes that worked well with sonata form, such as those favored by Classical composers such as Haydn, Mozart or Beethoven; rather, the themes favored by Romantics were complete and independent in themselves. En 1890, sa mécène Nadejda Von Meck rencontre des problèmes financiers et ne peut plus lui allouer sa pension. L’année 1876 est marquée par sa relation épistolaire avec Nadejda von Meck. Finalement, en 1863, il démissionne du ministère pour se consacrer à la musique. Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski est un compositeur russe né en 1840 et mort en 1893. 72, que de pénibles méandres, que de laides circonvolutions ! Ainsi que le raconte plus tard Modeste, elle exprimait rarement des sentiments chaleureux ; elle était gentille, mais sa bonté était austère. Dans son Journal, l'écrivain polonais Witold Gombrowicz accuse quant à lui Tchaïkovski d'avoir été artistiquement réactionnaire. While impressed with the boy's talent, Kündinger said he saw nothing to suggest a future composer or performer. During this time, he completed Eugene Onegin, orchestrated his Fourth Symphony, and composed the Violin Concerto. In, Karlinsky, Simon, "Russia's Gay Literature and Culture: The Impact of the October Revolution". Tchaïkovski était un maître de l'harmonie, des pratiques occidentales jusqu'à la gamme par tons (qu'il utilise dans le dernier mouvement de sa deuxième symphonie, par exemple). Sa famille prétendait à la noblesse en se disant parfois. Rumors attached to the famous die hard ... As for illness, problems of evidence offer little hope of satisfactory resolution: the state of diagnosis; the confusion of witnesses; disregard of long-term effects of smoking and alcohol. Il est apprécié de tous malgré son manque d’ordre et sa distraction. Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski est un Compositeur, Auteur russe. [80] Tchaikovsky later claimed she was the only woman he ever loved. The first challenge arose from his ethnic heritage. » Selon une autre personne, « [...] petites joies, petites peines, c'est tout ce que le piano lui soutire. Tchaïkovski au miroir de ses écrits de Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski Selon ma profonde conviction, Mozart est le sommet, le point culminant auquel a atteint la beauté en musique. Maes states this point has been seen at times as a weakness rather than a sign of originality. Tchaikovsky was one of the founders of the Kyiv Music Conservatory, which was later renamed after him. Douze pièces de difficulté moyenne pour piano, Liste des œuvres de Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski, Ouverture solennelle sur l'hymne national danois, Le Prince Casse-Noisette (Film d'animation), orthographe précédant la réforme de 1917–1918, Réseau des bibliothèques de Suisse occidentale, Répertoire international des sources musicales, Partitions originales, lettres et correspondances de Tchaïkovski, Variations sur un thème rococo pour violoncelle et orchestre, Fantaisie de concert pour piano et orchestre, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piotr_Ilitch_Tchaïkovski&oldid=177228330, Récipiendaire de l'ordre de Saint-Vladimir de 4e classe, Compositeur russe de la période romantique, Personnalité inhumée au cimetière Tikhvine, Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais, Article avec une section vide ou incomplète, Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata, Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité, Page pointant vers des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes, Page pointant vers des bases relatives à la musique, Portail:Biographie/Articles liés/Culture et arts, Portail:Biographie/Articles liés/Sciences, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence. Cependant Tchaïkovski demeure généralement reconnu comme un des compositeurs majeurs de l'histoire de la musique[18]. [56], Eventually, Balakirev, César Cui, Modest Mussorgsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and Alexander Borodin became known as the moguchaya kuchka, translated into English as the "Mighty Handful" or "The Five". [11] Tchaikovsky also became attached to the young woman; her affection for him was reportedly a counter to his mother's coldness and emotional distance from him,[18] though others assert that the mother doted on her son. La partition fut détruite par le compositeur dans les années 1870. [177], Critical reception to Tchaikovsky's music was also varied but also improved over time. Tchaikovsky agreed and finished it within six weeks. [133] This process, according to Brown and Keller, builds momentum[134] and adds intense drama. [42] This mindset became important in Tchaikovsky's reconciliation of Russian and European influences in his compositional style. Pris en charge par Nikolaï Modestovitch Vakar, un oncle ami de la famille, qui accepte le rôle de tuteur, une épidémie de scarlatine se déclare dans la classe de Piotr, les enfants devant réglementairement être pris en quarantaine. Although musically precocious, Tchaikovsky was educated for a career as a civil servant. "[200], "Tchaikovsky" redirects here. [118] His music has also been used frequently in popular music and film. [75], Relevant portions of his brother Modest's autobiography, where he tells of the composer's same-sex attraction, have been published, as have letters previously suppressed by Soviet censors in which Tchaikovsky openly writes of it. His first, The Voyevoda, based on a play by Alexander Ostrovsky, premiered in 1869. De s’abandonner à la facilité ! [112] The following year, the University of Cambridge in England awarded Tchaikovsky an honorary Doctor of Music degree. Il incarne la figure dominante du romantisme russe du XIXe siècle dans toute sa populaire et généreuse vitalité, et sa profonde sincérité. [102], Despite Tchaikovsky's disdain for public life, he now participated in it as part of his increasing celebrity and out of a duty he felt to promote Russian music. Its principle of organic growth through the interplay of musical themes was alien to Russian practice. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski : biographie, portrait et actualités. Dès son plus jeune âge, et comme la plupart des grands compositeurs, l’enfant montre des dons musicaux hors du commun. Ses œuvres, qu’il dirige lui-même lors de l’inauguration de la salle new-yorkaise Carnegie Hall, remportent un franc succès. P. Tchaikovsky: Who just spoke? There was scant opportunity for a musical career in Russia at the time and no system of public music education. Cette maison est devenue un musée consacré au compositeur. 2020 Opéra de Toulon Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski. They point out that only Glinka had preceded him in combining Russian and Western practices and his teachers in Saint Petersburg had been thoroughly Germanic in their musical outlook. Tchaïkovski fait des études de droit à Saint-Pétersbourg, obtient son diplôme le 25 mai 1859 et est engagé comme secrétaire au ministère de la justice, le 15 juin. In a 1992 article, New York Times critic Allan Kozinn writes, "It is Tchaikovsky's flexibility, after all, that has given us a sense of his variability.... Tchaikovsky was capable of turning out music—entertaining and widely beloved though it is—that seems superficial, manipulative and trivial when regarded in the context of the whole literature. [100], During this period, Tchaikovsky also began promoting Russian music as a conductor,[100] In January 1887, he substituted, on short notice, at the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow for performances of his opera Cherevichki. [186] "We have acquired a different view of Romantic 'excess,'" Horowitz says. [14] One of those children, Vladimir Davydov, whom the composer would nickname 'Bob', would become very close to him. In this post, he invited many international celebrities to conduct, including Johannes Brahms, Antonín Dvořák and Jules Massenet. Cette section est vide, insuffisamment détaillée ou incomplète. [35], Meanwhile, the Russian Musical Society (RMS) was founded in 1859 by the Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna (a German-born aunt of Tsar Alexander II) and her protégé, pianist and composer Anton Rubinstein. En mars 1878, lors d’un voyage en Suisse, il est fasciné par la Symphonie espagnole d’Édouard Lalo et décide de composer un concerto pour violon et, avec l’aide de son ami violoniste et mentor Josef Kotek, en apprend un peu plus sur les techniques du violon. AUDIO. Tchaikovsky began piano lessons at age five. En 1891, il fait un voyage jusqu’aux États-Unis. Son œuvre dégage une odeur insupportable : mélange d’insignifiance et de quelque chose de dépassé, de mort, d’enseveli, puis de regonflé artificiellement ; des mélodies médiocres, déjà périmées ! Nationalité : Russie, fédération de. While his music has remained popular among audiences, critical opinions were initially mixed. Fanny comblait par son attention et son amour le manque d’affection de leur mère. [147] Tchaikovsky, however, became noted for the "sensual opulence" and "voluptuous timbrel virtuosity" of his orchestration. Mais il ne veut pas quitter son emploi avant d'être certain d’être fait pour une carrière musicale. [143] Tchaikovsky kept the musical conversation flowing by treating melody, tonality, rhythm and sound color as one integrated unit, rather than as separate elements. [152], In works like the "Serenade for Strings" and the Variations on a Rococo Theme, Tchaikovsky showed he was highly gifted at writing in a style of 18th-century European pastiche. [127] Modulation, the shifting from one key to another, was a driving principle in both harmony and sonata form, the primary Western large-scale musical structure since the middle of the 18th century. Son départ est traumatique ; ce fut l’une des séparations les plus brutales qu’il ait vécues, et qu’il n’oubliera jamais, la deuxième survenant quatre ans plus tard. Elle bénéficie d’une orchestration riche et variée. Her death affected him so much that he could not inform Fanny Dürbach until two years later (Brown. [192] Maes adds that, like them, he wanted to produce music that reflected Russian national character but which did so to the highest European standards of quality. Conservative critics, he adds, may have felt threatened by the "violence and 'hysteria' " they detected and felt such emotive displays "attacked the boundaries of conventional aesthetic appreciation—the cultured reception of art as an act of formalist discernment—and the polite engagement of art as an act of amusement". "Tchaikovsky is today more admired than deplored for his emotional frankness; if his music seems harried and insecure, so are we all". In addition, at the instigation of Ivan Vsevolozhsky, Director of the Imperial Theaters and a patron of the composer, Tchaikovsky was awarded a lifetime annual pension of 3,000 rubles from the Tsar. [187] Tchaikovsky's melodies, stated with eloquence and matched by his inventive use of harmony and orchestration, have always ensured audience appeal. La veine élégiaque, si pure chez un Scriabine, tourne chez lui en eau boueuse. "[181], The division between Russian and Western critics remained through much of the 20th century but for a different reason. [10] Both Ilya and Alexandra were trained in the arts, including music—a necessity as a posting to a remote area of Russia also meant a need for entertainment, whether in private or at social gatherings. « Tchaïkovski » redirige ici. C’est à cette époque que son homosexualité se manifeste de manière platonique en se cristallisant sur des amis, tels qu’Alexeï Apoukhtine ou Vladimir Gérard. [59], While ambivalent about much of The Five's music, Tchaikovsky remained on friendly terms with most of its members. [149] However, beginning with the Third Symphony, Tchaikovsky experimented with an increased range of timbres[150] Tchaikovsky's scoring was noted and admired by some of his peers. [107], Rimsky-Korsakov, with Alexander Glazunov, Anatoly Lyadov and several other nationalistically minded composers and musicians, had formed a group known as the Belyayev circle, named after a merchant and amateur musician who became an influential music patron and publisher. [73] He sought the company of other men in his circle for extended periods, "associating openly and establishing professional connections with them". Le manque de preuves quant au diagnostic de la maladie, la confusion des témoignages des proches, et la considération des effets de l'alcool et du tabac à long terme ne permettent cependant pas de clarifier les causes exactes de son décès. Ilia semble avoir été un homme de caractère plutôt sentimental amoureux de musique et de littérature. [173][a 15] Tchaikovsky also used the polonaise frequently, the dance being a musical code for the Romanov dynasty and a symbol of Russian patriotism.